{"id":8958,"date":"2014-02-14T20:36:32","date_gmt":"2014-02-14T18:36:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/?p=8958"},"modified":"2016-09-18T18:02:07","modified_gmt":"2016-09-18T15:02:07","slug":"itil-volga-bulgar-devleti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/itil-volga-bulgar-devleti\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130til \u2013 Volga Bulgar Devleti"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Raziye \u00c7AKIR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130til Bulgar Devleti, ilk Bulgar Devleti olarak telafuz etti\u011fimiz B\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgarya\u2019n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla B\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgarya\u2019y\u0131 y\u0131kan T\u00fcrk Devleti Hazar b\u00fcnyesine girmeyi kabul etmeyen ve kuzeye do\u011fru g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Ak Bulgarlar taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu. \u0130til Bulgar devleti ile ilgili bilgilerimiz, tarihi kaynaklarda yeteri kadar belirtilmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in 900 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar olan s\u00fcre\u00e7te olduk\u00e7a k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ancak 900\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llarda Rus Knezleriyle yap\u0131lan m\u00fcnasebetlerde kay\u0131tlara rastlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130til (Volga) Bulgar\u2019lar\u0131, 7. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u2019\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan ederek devlet olma te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulundular. Bu nedenle 700. Y\u0131l\u0131 kurulu\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 olarak telafuz edebiliyoruz. \u0130til Bulgar\u2019lar\u0131 6 as\u0131ra yak\u0131n bir s\u00fcre varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Bu nedenle T\u00fcrk Tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip olmalar\u0131 gerekirken pop\u00fcler tarih\u00e7ilik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc nedeniyle tarihin arka sayfalar\u0131nda k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 bilgilerle yer bulabilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131 Kuruldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde (7. Y\u00fczy\u0131l) b\u00f6lgede hakim g\u00fc\u00e7 olan Hazar\u2019lar\u0131n otoritesini kabul etmek durumunda kald\u0131lar. Yar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir yap\u0131yla Hazar\u2019lara ba\u011fl\u0131 olan \u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131 10. As\u0131ra kadar b\u00f6lgede hakim g\u00fc\u00e7 olan Hazar Devletinin hakimiyeti alt\u0131nda varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. 965 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hazar Devletinin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131na kavu\u015fabildiler.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-1831145925\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131n\u0131n bilinen ilk han\u0131 Kotrga Han\u2019d\u0131r. Devletin te\u015fkilatlanma ve yap\u0131lanma \u015fekli ile tam anlam\u0131yla bir T\u00fcrk devleti oldu\u011fu sonucuna var\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda islam\u0131 devlet dini olarak kabul eden ilk T\u00fcrk Devletidir. Maalesef pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcr literat\u00fcr\u00fc Karahan\u2019l\u0131lar\u0131 ilk M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk Devleti olarak kabul etmektedirler. Oysaki \u0130til Bulgarlar\u2019\u0131n\u0131n islam\u0131 kabul etmeleri Karahanl\u0131lardan \u00f6ncesine tekab\u00fcl etmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki bilgiler, Hazarlara ba\u011fl\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde olduk\u00e7a k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmelerine vesile olan Abbasilerle ili\u015fki kurmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nemde (921) daha detayl\u0131 bilgilere ula\u015fabiliyoruz. 921 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131n\u0131n han\u0131 olan Alm\u0131\u015f han, islama ilgi duymaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, Abbasi halifesi Muktedir\u2019den \u0130slam hakk\u0131nda bilgi almak ve \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in mimar, m\u00fchendis ve din bilginleri g\u00f6ndermesini istemi\u015ftir. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonrada \u0130slam\u0131 kabul ederek b\u00fcnyesindeki Bulgar topluluklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak devlet dini haline getirmi\u015ftir, ad\u0131n\u0131da Cafer olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Abbasi\u2019li bir seyyah olan \u0130bn-i Fidan\u2019\u0131n seyahatnamesinde 922 y\u0131l\u0131nda Alm\u0131\u015f han, huzuruna gelen Abbasi heyetini \u015f\u00fck\u00fcr secdesi ve tekbir ile kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul eden \u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131, 965 y\u0131l\u0131nda hakimiyeti alt\u0131nda bulunduklar\u0131 Hazar Devletinin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ile tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131na kavu\u015fmu\u015f olurlar. Boyundurukluktan kurtulan ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul eden \u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131, k\u0131sa zaman i\u00e7erisinde g\u00fc\u00e7lenerek Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ticaret merkezlerinden biri haline gelirler ve bu vasf\u0131n\u0131 12. Y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00fc\u00e7 ve b\u00f6lgesel hakimiyet ile birlikte beraberinde b\u00f6lgesel politikalar\u0131n sonucu olarak Kuzey Do\u011fu kom\u015fular\u0131 Kiev Prensli\u011fiyle m\u00fccadeleye girdiler. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 y\u0131l s\u00fcren bu m\u00fccadeleden sonra 1006 senesine ticari m\u00fcnasebetler kurulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Ancak 11. Asr\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru (1090-1100 aras\u0131) kuzeydeki k\u00fcrk ticaretinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarla uzun s\u00fcreli anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ve sava\u015flar meydana geldi. Bu sava\u015flar Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131na kadar devam etti.<\/p>\n<p>1200\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llarda Mo\u011follar\u0131n Do\u011fu Avrupaya do\u011fru ilerlemesi b\u00f6lgedeki t\u00fcm Devletleri rahats\u0131z etti. \u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131, Mo\u011follar\u0131n (Alt\u0131n Ordu Devleti) 1224\u2019de Halka Nehri k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na kadar ilerleyip Ruslar\u0131 ma\u011flup etmesinden sonra geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yolunda tuza\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar verdirdi. 1236 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Bulgar\u2019lardan intikam almak isteyen Mo\u011fol (Alt\u0131n Ordu) Han\u0131 Batu Han, muazzam ordusu ile Bulgarlar\u0131n \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc ve g\u00fczergahlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki t\u00fcm \u015fehir ve k\u00f6yleri talan ettikten sonra 50 Bin n\u00fcfusu bulunan Bulgar \u015fehrini yerle bir etti. Bu olaydan sonra \u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131larak Alt\u0131n Ordu devletinin hakimiyeti alt\u0131na girmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-343830481\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-10-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131, pek \u00e7ok kez ba\u015f kald\u0131rmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tekrar kazanamad\u0131lar. Alt\u0131n Ordu han\u0131 Pulat Timur, Bulgarlar\u0131n ba\u015fkald\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla 1361 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bulgarlar\u0131n \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek a\u011f\u0131r tahribatlar yaparak geri \u00e7ekildi. 1391 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise b\u00f6lgede hakimiyet kazanan Timur\u2019un (Timur \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu), Alt\u0131n Ordu Devletinin Han\u0131 Toktam\u0131\u015f\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015fir. Bu m\u00fccadele Alt\u0131n Ordu devletinin hakimiyeti alt\u0131ndaki \u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemi\u015ftir. Hakimiyetlerine kavu\u015fmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen \u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131, daha da zay\u0131flayarak g\u00fc\u00e7lerini yitirdiler.<\/p>\n<p>1399 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ruslarla giri\u015ftikleri m\u00fccadeleyi de kaybedince zay\u0131flayan otoriteleri tamamen ortadan kalkarak da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131lar. Halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 Kama Nehrinin kuzeyindeki Kazan Nehri boyunca g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirdiler. 1437 y\u0131l\u0131nda kuzulan Kazan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temel ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan \u0130til Bulgarlar\u0131, Kazan T\u00fcrkleri ve \u015eimal T\u00fcrkleri olarak an\u0131l\u0131rlar<\/p>\n<div id=\"bghab-3785312558\" class=\"bghab-yazi-altinda bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- bghaber-yaz\u0131-sonu -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"4222328180\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div><br style=\"clear: both; display: block; float: none;\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Raziye \u00c7AKIR \u0130til Bulgar Devleti, ilk Bulgar Devleti olarak telafuz etti\u011fimiz B\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgarya\u2019n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla B\u00fcy\u00fck Bulgarya\u2019y\u0131 y\u0131kan T\u00fcrk Devleti Hazar b\u00fcnyesine girmeyi kabul etmeyen ve<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_seo_schema_type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8958","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-yorum"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc2PfJ-2ku","jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8958","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8958"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8958\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8958"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8958"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8958"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}