{"id":7703,"date":"2013-10-25T09:57:55","date_gmt":"2013-10-25T06:57:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/?p=7703"},"modified":"2019-07-11T23:43:41","modified_gmt":"2019-07-11T21:43:41","slug":"uluslararasi-goc-ve-bulgaristanda-orulen-duvar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/uluslararasi-goc-ve-bulgaristanda-orulen-duvar\/","title":{"rendered":"Uluslararas\u0131 G\u00f6\u00e7 ve Bulgaristan\u2019da \u00d6r\u00fclen \u201cDuvar\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn nedenleri a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131rken g\u00f6\u00e7 literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde iki kavram kullan\u0131l\u0131r: <strong>\u0130tici Fakt\u00f6rler<\/strong> (push factors) ve <strong>\u00c7ekici Fakt\u00f6rler<\/strong> (pull factors). \u0130tici fakt\u00f6rler (push factors); terk edilen \u00fclkedeki olumsuz ko\u015fullard\u0131r: \u0130\u015fsizlik, yoksulluk, a\u00e7l\u0131k, sava\u015f, bask\u0131lar, politik istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k gibi&#8230; \u00c7ekici fakt\u00f6rler (pull factors) ise gidilen \u00fclkedeki olumlu ve cezbeden ko\u015fullard\u0131r: \u0130\u015f imk\u00e2n\u0131, daha iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015fartlar\u0131, politik istikrar, bar\u0131\u015f, g\u00fcvenlik, demokrasi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler gibi&#8230; Uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7, i\u015fte bu itici ve \u00e7ekici fakt\u00f6rlerden kaynaklan\u0131r.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/caner-tasam.jpg\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-7704\" alt=\"caner tasam\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/caner-tasam.jpg?resize=100%2C100\" width=\"100\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/caner-tasam.jpg?w=100&amp;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/caner-tasam.jpg?resize=65%2C65&amp;ssl=1 65w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/a>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7lerinde itici fakt\u00f6rlerin etkisi daha fazlad\u0131r. \u00c7ekici fakt\u00f6rlerin etkisi ise giderek azal\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc gidilen (g\u00f6\u00e7 alan) \u00fclkelerde (\u00f6zellikle Bat\u0131 ve Kuzey Avrupa, ABD, Kanada, Japonya, Avustralya\u2019da) ekonomik ko\u015fullar &#8211; ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u0131llara g\u00f6re &#8211; pek de i\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ama buna ra\u011fmen di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerde (\u00f6zellikle Afrika ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019da) ekonomik ko\u015fullar \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ve ayr\u0131ca s\u00fcreklilik kazanan sava\u015flar ve i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar nedeniyle \u00f6zellikle Bat\u0131 Avrupa h\u00e2l\u00e2 uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn hedefi durumundalar.<\/p>\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn nedenlerini ayr\u0131ca \u201c<strong>ekonomik nedenler<\/strong>\u201d ve \u201c<strong>sosyo-politik nedenler<\/strong>\u201d olarak iki grupta incelemek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr: (1) Ekonomik nedenler; i\u015fsizlik ve yoksulluktur. (2) Sosyo-politik nedenler ise; i\u00e7 sava\u015f, devletler aras\u0131 sava\u015f ve politik, dini, etnik, \u0131rksal, s\u0131n\u0131fsal veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel bask\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn engellenmesinin en \u00f6nemli yolu, t\u00fcm bu olumsuzluklar\u0131 asgari d\u00fczeye indirmektir. Bu olumsuzluklar devam etti\u011fi s\u00fcrece \u00f6zellikle Afrika ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019dan Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Ama Bat\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 devletler ve genel olarak AB, bu gibi olumsuzluklarla m\u00fccadele etmek yerine daha k\u0131sa vadeli bir \u00f6nleme ba\u015fvuruyorlar: G\u00f6\u00e7lerin kolluk kuvvetleri ve \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fcvenlik politikalar\u0131 yoluyla engellenmesi, yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 yollarla gelmi\u015f olan g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin ise derhal \u00fclkelerine geri g\u00f6nderilmesi.<\/p>\n<p>Bu \u201ckolluk\u201d \u00f6nlemlerine bir de Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n \u201c<strong>duvar<\/strong>\u201d\u0131 eklendi: 21 Ekim\u2019de Bulgaristan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, artan s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 ak\u0131n\u0131 nedeniyle T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda 30 kilometrelik duvar in\u015fas\u0131na ba\u015flama karar\u0131 ald\u0131.<a title=\"\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><\/a>[1] Bu duvar\u0131n iki nedeni ve anlam\u0131 vard\u0131r asl\u0131nda:<\/p><div id=\"bghab-3006633967\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>(1) Bat\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 devletler (\u00f6zellikle Fransa ile Almanya), g\u00f6\u00e7le ilgili g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemlerinin al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Balkan devletlerine bask\u0131 uyguluyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Bat\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 devletler, g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin Balkan \u00fclkeleri \u00fczerinden geldiklerini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar ve bu nedenle de, Balkanl\u0131 devletlerden, etkin g\u00fcvenlik (kolluk kuvvetlerinin etkin bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 dahil) \u00f6nlemleri almalar\u0131n\u0131 istiyor. Bu \u201cBat\u0131l\u0131\u201d bask\u0131ya maruz kalan Bulgar devleti de, ne yaz\u0131k ki \u00e7areyi duvar \u00f6rmekte buldu.<\/p>\n<p>(2) Bulgaristan\u2019da ve genel olarak Balkanlar\u2019da y\u00fckseli\u015fte olan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7i dalga mevcuttur. Bu dalgan\u0131n <strong>Bulgaristan<\/strong>\u2019daki en \u00f6nemli temsilcisi <strong>Ataka Partisi<\/strong>\u2019dir. Buna benzer partiler di\u011fer Balkan \u00fclkelerinde de mevcuttur. \u00d6rne\u011fin <strong>S\u0131rbistan<\/strong>\u2019daki <strong>Radikal Parti<\/strong> ve <strong>Yunanistan<\/strong>\u2019daki <strong>Alt\u0131n \u015eafak Partisi <\/strong>bunlardan ikisidir. Y\u00fckselmekte olan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin en \u00f6nemli nedeni, Bulgaristan\u2019daki ve di\u011fer Balkan \u00fclkelerindeki i\u015fsizlik ve yoksulluktur. Balkan memleketlerinde yoksul-i\u015fsiz kitleler ve ekonomik durumlar\u0131 gerileyen orta s\u0131n\u0131f, giderek milliyet\u00e7ile\u015fiyor ve milliyet\u00e7i partilere y\u00f6neliyor. Milliyet\u00e7ilik y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e \u201c<strong>\u00f6teki<\/strong>\u201d milletler, dinler, etnik gruplar \u201c<strong>su\u00e7lan\u0131yor<\/strong>\u201d. Bulgar milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi i\u00e7in en \u00f6nemli \u201c\u00f6teki\u201d, hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz bu \u00fclkede ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrkler ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019dir. Bulgar milliyet\u00e7ileri, ne yaz\u0131k ki T\u00fcrkleri ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi, \u201cen tehlikeli d\u00fc\u015fman\u201d ve \u201cBulgaristan i\u00e7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck tehdit\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00f6r\u00fclmesi planlanan \u201cduvar\u201d, asl\u0131nda Bulgaristan\u2019da y\u00fckseli\u015fte olan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olacakt\u0131r. Bu duvar, Bulgar milliyet\u00e7ilerine g\u00f6re, \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman\u201d T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ve Afrika ile Ortado\u011fu\u2019dan gelen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman g\u00f6\u00e7menlere kar\u015f\u0131 bir g\u00fcvenlik duvar\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bu ba\u011flamda son tespitim \u015fudur: (1) Afrika ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019dan s\u00fcrekli olarak g\u00f6\u00e7 almakta olan Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin Balkan h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131s\u0131 devam ettik\u00e7e ve (2) a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7ilik y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e Balkan \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda yeni \u201cduvarlar\u201d \u00f6r\u00fclmeye devam edecektir. Bu duvarlar, bazen \u201cs\u0131n\u0131r duvar\u0131\u201d olacakt\u0131r, bazen de \u201csiyasal-toplumsal-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel duvarlar\u201d olacakt\u0131r. Ama ne t\u00fcr olursa olsun, duvarlar g\u00f6\u00e7leri \u00f6nleyemeyecektir. \u201cDuvarlar\u201d, ancak kom\u015fu \u00fclkeler ve halklar aras\u0131nda ili\u015fkileri olumsuz etkileyecek, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00fcvensizli\u011fi ve ku\u015fkuyu artt\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bu nedenle Balkanlar\u2019da, b\u0131rak\u0131n yeni \u201cs\u0131n\u0131r duvarlar\u0131\u201d in\u015fa etmeyi, var olan t\u00fcm \u201csiyasal-toplumsal-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel duvarlar\u0131\u201d y\u0131kmak gerekir. Duvarlar\u0131 y\u0131kman\u0131n yeg\u00e2ne yolu ise; (1) Bat\u0131 Avrupal\u0131 merkez kapitalist devletlerin bask\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 birlikte direnmek ve (2) a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 birlikte m\u00fccadele etmektir. Acaba Balkanl\u0131lar bunu ba\u015farabilecekler mi? Umar\u0131m ba\u015farabiliriz\u2026<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p><div id=\"bghab-113484888\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-10-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\" align=\"right\"><strong>Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. Caner SANCAKTAR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\" align=\"right\"><strong>Kocaeli \u00dcniversitesi \u0130\u0130BF Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkiler B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"bghab-282612684\" class=\"bghab-yazi-altinda bghab-entity-placement\"><div class=\"bghab-adlabel\">Reklamlar<\/div><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- bghaber-yaz\u0131-sonu -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"4222328180\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div><br style=\"clear: both; display: block; float: none;\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn nedenleri a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131rken g\u00f6\u00e7 literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde iki kavram kullan\u0131l\u0131r: \u0130tici Fakt\u00f6rler (push factors) ve \u00c7ekici Fakt\u00f6rler (pull factors). \u0130tici fakt\u00f6rler (push factors); terk edilen \u00fclkedeki<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":7704,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[30],"class_list":["post-7703","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yorum","tag-bulgaristan"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/caner-tasam.jpg?fit=100%2C100&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc2PfJ-20f","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7703","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7703"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7703\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7704"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7703"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7703"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7703"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}