{"id":64836,"date":"2026-02-20T22:06:32","date_gmt":"2026-02-20T19:06:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/?p=64836"},"modified":"2026-02-20T22:11:36","modified_gmt":"2026-02-20T19:11:36","slug":"hazar-kaganligi-hazar-imparatorlugu-avrasya-jeopolitiginde-turk-bir-guc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/hazar-kaganligi-hazar-imparatorlugu-avrasya-jeopolitiginde-turk-bir-guc\/","title":{"rendered":"HAZAR KA\u011eANLI\u011eI (HAZAR \u201c\u0130MPARATORLU\u011eU\u201d): AVRASYA JEOPOL\u0130T\u0130\u011e\u0130NDE T\u00dcRK B\u0130R G\u00dc\u00c7"},"content":{"rendered":"<p data-start=\"405\" data-end=\"422\"><strong data-start=\"405\" data-end=\"422\">Rafet ULUT\u00dcRK<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"434\" data-end=\"1133\">Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 6.\u201310. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyi, Kuzey Kafkasya ve Volga (\u0130dil) havzas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015f T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli bir siyasal organizasyondur. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Hazarlar\u0131n jeopolitik konumunu, devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 (\u00e7ifte krall\u0131k sistemi), \u015fehirle\u015fme ve ticaret a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131, Bizans ve \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131yla ili\u015fkilerini ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcrecini kronolojik bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde ele almaktad\u0131r. Hazar elitinin Musevili\u011fi kabul\u00fc gibi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar, kaynaklar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve modern tarih\u00e7ili\u011fin ihtiyat ilkesi g\u00f6zetilerek de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ayr\u0131ca, Hazar miras\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile erken Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde Hazar tarihine y\u00f6nelik ilgi art\u0131\u015f\u0131na de\u011finmektedir.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"1135\" data-end=\"1157\">Anahtar Kelimeler<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1158\" data-end=\"1268\">Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Avrasya, Bizans, Volga ticareti, \u00e7ifte krall\u0131k, \u0130til, Semender, Sarkel, Musevilik, \u0130pek Yolu.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"1270\" data-end=\"1273\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"1275\" data-end=\"1326\">1. Co\u011frafya, Zaman ve Kavramsal \u00c7er\u00e7eve<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1327\" data-end=\"1789\">Yakla\u015f\u0131k 1300 y\u0131l \u00f6nce Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en stratejik ku\u015faklar\u0131ndan birinde \u2014 Kafkaslar ile Volga (\u0130dil) Irma\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki geni\u015f sahada \u2014 T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir: <strong data-start=\"1498\" data-end=\"1517\">Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>. Pop\u00fcler anlat\u0131mlarda \u201cHazar \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u201d olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu siyasal yap\u0131, yaln\u0131zca b\u00f6lgesel bir otorite de\u011fil; ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131 denetleyen, diplomasi \u00fcreten ve b\u00fcy\u00fck imparatorluklarla ili\u015fki kurabilen bir <strong data-start=\"1734\" data-end=\"1757\">Avrasya g\u00fc\u00e7 merkezi<\/strong> olarak tarihte yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1791\" data-end=\"2260\">Hazarlar\u0131n y\u00fckseldi\u011fi co\u011frafya tesad\u00fcf de\u011fildir. Karadeniz ile Hazar Denizi aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7itler, bozk\u0131r\u2013da\u011f\u2013nehir hatlar\u0131n\u0131n kesi\u015fti\u011fi bir \u201ckilit b\u00f6lge\u201d olu\u015fturur. Bu ku\u015fak; kuzeyin step d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 Kafkas ge\u00e7itleri \u00fczerinden g\u00fcneye, Volga hatt\u0131 \u00fczerinden de do\u011fuya ba\u011flayan bir kap\u0131 niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Hazar h\u00e2kimiyeti, yaln\u0131zca s\u0131n\u0131r geni\u015fletmekten ibaret olmay\u0131p <strong data-start=\"2169\" data-end=\"2240\">b\u00f6lgesel g\u00fcvenlik, ticaret ve jeopolitik dengeyi y\u00f6netme kapasitesi<\/strong> anlam\u0131na gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-2443191039\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"2262\" data-end=\"2432\">Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 \u201cT\u00fcrk tarihi i\u00e7inde unutulmu\u015f bir sayfa\u201d olman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde; <strong data-start=\"2352\" data-end=\"2383\">Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrasya sisteminin<\/strong> etkin bir akt\u00f6r\u00fc olarak de\u011ferlendirmeyi ama\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2434\" data-end=\"2437\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"2439\" data-end=\"2497\">2. Hazarlar\u0131n Tarih Sahnesine \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve S\u00fcre Meselesi<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2498\" data-end=\"2898\">Hazarlar\u0131n tarih sahnesindeki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc konusunda pop\u00fcler metinlerde \u00e7ok geni\u015f tarihler (\u00f6r. 2. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u201312. y\u00fczy\u0131l) verilebilmektedir. Ancak modern tarih\u00e7ilikte genel kabul, Hazar siyasal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellikle <strong data-start=\"2708\" data-end=\"2757\">6. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan 10. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131na<\/strong> dek g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir. Hazarlar\u0131n <strong data-start=\"2807\" data-end=\"2827\">en parlak d\u00f6nemi<\/strong> ise \u00e7o\u011funlukla <strong data-start=\"2843\" data-end=\"2854\">650\u2013900<\/strong> y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilir. Bu d\u00f6nem:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2902\" data-end=\"2959\">Bizans ile diplomatik ve askeri ili\u015fkilerin g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fi,<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2902\" data-end=\"2959\">Arap-\u0130slam ilerleyi\u015finin Kafkas hatt\u0131nda dengelendi\u011fi,<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2902\" data-end=\"2959\">Volga ticaretinin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2902\" data-end=\"2959\">Kuzey Slav ve erken Rus topluluklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde n\u00fcfuzun artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman dilimini kapsar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3146\" data-end=\"3293\">\u201c900 y\u0131l\u201d gibi uzun s\u00fcre vurgular\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu kez Hazar miras\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 siyasal olu\u015fumlarda s\u00fcrmesini de i\u00e7ine alan geni\u015f yorumlar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3295\" data-end=\"3298\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"3300\" data-end=\"3358\">3. K\u00f6ken ve Kimlik: G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Miras\u0131 ve Bozk\u0131r Gelene\u011fi<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3359\" data-end=\"3668\">Hazarlar\u0131n k\u00f6keni konusunda tarih\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n kabul, onlar\u0131n <strong data-start=\"3429\" data-end=\"3498\">G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 kanad\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk bir topluluk<\/strong> oldu\u011fudur. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk siyasi sisteminin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesinin ard\u0131ndan bat\u0131 bozk\u0131r\u0131nda yeni g\u00fc\u00e7ler ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f; Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli halkalar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3670\" data-end=\"4059\">Bununla birlikte \u201cBat\u0131 Hun miras\u0131\u201d gibi daha eski ba\u011flant\u0131lar, do\u011frudan bir \u201cayn\u0131 devletin devam\u0131\u201d \u015feklinde de\u011fil; <strong data-start=\"3785\" data-end=\"3827\">bozk\u0131r siyasal gelene\u011finin s\u00fcreklili\u011fi<\/strong> ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Bozk\u0131r d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda devletler y\u0131k\u0131lsa da; asker\u00ee aristokrasi, y\u00f6netim k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve hanedan me\u015fruiyet pratikleri farkl\u0131 adlar alt\u0131nda ya\u015famaya devam eder. Hazarlar bu s\u00fcreklili\u011fin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00f6rneklerindendir.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-3511129414\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-10-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-start=\"4061\" data-end=\"4102\">3.1. Adland\u0131rmalar ve Kaynak Sorunu<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4103\" data-end=\"4526\">Antik yazarlarda her bozk\u0131r toplulu\u011funu Hazar ad\u0131yla e\u015flemek do\u011fru de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Herodot\u2019un metinleri, do\u011frudan \u201cHazar\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 net bi\u00e7imde vermez; daha \u00e7ok \u0130skit d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 aktar\u0131r. \u201cKhazar\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131n Bizans ve Ermeni kaynaklar\u0131nda belirginle\u015fmesi <strong data-start=\"4350\" data-end=\"4371\">6. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonras\u0131<\/strong> i\u00e7in daha anlaml\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen transkripsiyonlar ise filolojik dikkat gerektirir; benzer sesler otomatik kimlik e\u015fle\u015fmesi say\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4528\" data-end=\"4531\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"4533\" data-end=\"4576\">4. H\u00e2kimiyet Sahas\u0131 ve Stratejik Ku\u015fak<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4577\" data-end=\"4875\">Hazar n\u00fcfuz alan\u0131 d\u00f6nemlere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc zamanlar\u0131nda <strong data-start=\"4650\" data-end=\"4702\">Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyi\u2013Kuzey Kafkasya\u2013Volga havzas\u0131<\/strong> hatt\u0131nda geni\u015f bir alan\u0131 kapsar. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcney Rusya, Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Kuzey Kafkasya, Da\u011f\u0131stan ve \u00e7evre sahalar Hazar siyasal etkisinin hissedildi\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerdendir.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4877\" data-end=\"4918\">Bu co\u011frafyan\u0131n iki temel avantaj\u0131 vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li data-start=\"4923\" data-end=\"4982\"><strong data-start=\"4923\" data-end=\"4944\">Kafkas ge\u00e7itleri:<\/strong> G\u00fcney-kuzey ge\u00e7i\u015fleri kontrol eder.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4923\" data-end=\"4982\"><strong data-start=\"4986\" data-end=\"5002\">Volga hatt\u0131:<\/strong> Kuzey ticaretinin omurgas\u0131d\u0131r ve do\u011fu-bat\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"5069\" data-end=\"5072\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"5074\" data-end=\"5115\">5. \u015eehirler, Ba\u015fkentler ve Kentle\u015fme<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5116\" data-end=\"5319\">Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131zca g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bir konfederasyon de\u011fildir; <strong data-start=\"5176\" data-end=\"5201\">\u015fehirle\u015fme ve ticaret<\/strong> ile g\u00fc\u00e7lenen bir devlet yap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fkentlerin zaman i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fmesi, g\u00fcvenlik ve ticaret dinamikleriyle ilgilidir.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"5321\" data-end=\"5340\">5.1. Balancar<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"5341\" data-end=\"5562\">Erken d\u00f6nem merkezlerden Balancar, Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019da Arap-Hazar m\u00fccadeleleri ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015f bir savunma noktas\u0131d\u0131r. Arkeolojik ili\u015fkilendirmeler (\u00f6r. Verkhneye Chir-Yurt sahas\u0131) ara\u015ft\u0131rma literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde yer al\u0131r.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-3239319812\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-15-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-start=\"5564\" data-end=\"5583\">5.2. Semender<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"5587\" data-end=\"5733\">Sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan Semender, baz\u0131 \u0130slam kaynaklar\u0131nda ba\u011flar\u0131-bah\u00e7eleriyle an\u0131lan; tar\u0131m ve ticaret kapasitesi y\u00fcksek bir \u015fehir olarak betimlenir.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"5735\" data-end=\"5757\">5.3. \u0130til (Atil)<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"5758\" data-end=\"6083\">750\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren ba\u015fkent olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan <strong data-start=\"5809\" data-end=\"5817\">\u0130til<\/strong>, Volga k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda Avrasya ticaretinin d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r. Orta \u00c7a\u011f anlat\u0131lar\u0131nda \u015fehir, farkl\u0131 topluluklar\u0131n birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok par\u00e7al\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya sahip g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. \u0130til\u2019in \u00f6nemi yaln\u0131zca siyasal de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda ekonomik ve hukuk\u00ee d\u00fczenin merkezinde yer almas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"6085\" data-end=\"6088\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"6090\" data-end=\"6137\">6. Devlet Te\u015fkil\u00e2t\u0131: \u00c7ifte Krall\u0131k Sistemi<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"6138\" data-end=\"6246\">Hazar y\u00f6netim modelinin en karakteristik y\u00f6n\u00fc, \u201c<strong data-start=\"6186\" data-end=\"6203\">\u00e7ifte krall\u0131k<\/strong>\u201d (dual kingship) olarak an\u0131lan d\u00fczenektir.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"6248\" data-end=\"6278\">6.1. Ka\u011fan (B\u00fcy\u00fck Hakan)<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"6279\" data-end=\"6595\">Ka\u011fan, \u00e7o\u011fu kaynakta <strong data-start=\"6300\" data-end=\"6319\">kutsal\/simgesel<\/strong> otoriteyi temsil eder. G\u00fcnl\u00fck idarede do\u011frudan g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemesi, bozk\u0131r gelene\u011findeki me\u015fruiyet (kut) ve hanedan kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilebilir. \u201cSaltanat s\u00fcresi\u201d gibi konularda aktar\u0131lan dramatik unsurlar, d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlemcilerin abart\u0131s\u0131 olabilece\u011finden ihtiyatla ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"6597\" data-end=\"6623\">6.2. Bek \/ Hakan-Bek<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"6624\" data-end=\"6862\">Fiil\u00ee y\u00f6netim, ordu ve idare b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde <strong data-start=\"6666\" data-end=\"6673\">Bek<\/strong>\u2019in elindedir. Bek; sefer, vergi, eyalet y\u00f6netimi, g\u00fcvenlik ve adaletin uygulanmas\u0131 gibi icra alanlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netir. Bu ikili yap\u0131, hem hanedan me\u015fruiyetini korur hem de y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi etkin k\u0131lar.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-3658611094\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-20-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"6864\" data-end=\"6867\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"6869\" data-end=\"6924\">7. Ekonomi: Tar\u0131m, Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, K\u00fcrk ve Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"6925\" data-end=\"7252\">Hazar g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kal\u0131c\u0131 k\u0131lan unsurlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ekonomik yap\u0131 gelir. Volga havzas\u0131 ve Kuzey Kafkasya, step co\u011frafyas\u0131 i\u00e7inde <strong data-start=\"7047\" data-end=\"7065\">nehir vadileri<\/strong> sayesinde tar\u0131ma elveri\u015flidir. Kaynaklarda arpa, bu\u011fday, pirin\u00e7, kenevir ve baz\u0131 sebze-meyvelerden s\u00f6z edilir. Volga ve Hazar Denizi \u00e7evresinde <strong data-start=\"7210\" data-end=\"7224\">bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong> \u00f6nemli bir gelir kalemidir.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"7254\" data-end=\"7384\">Kuzey ticaretinin temel mallar\u0131ndan <strong data-start=\"7290\" data-end=\"7298\">k\u00fcrk<\/strong>, Hazar ekonomisini Slav-\u0130skandinav ve Orta Asya a\u011flar\u0131na ba\u011flayan kritik bir \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7386\" data-end=\"7389\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"7391\" data-end=\"7455\">8. Ticaret A\u011flar\u0131: \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nun Kuzey Hatt\u0131 ve Radhanitler<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"7456\" data-end=\"7818\">Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130pek Yolu\u2019nun klasik g\u00fcney hatt\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra <strong data-start=\"7519\" data-end=\"7541\">kuzey g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131n<\/strong> kontrol\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli rol oynar. Bu hatt\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 mallar aras\u0131nda ipek, k\u00fcrk, balmumu, bal, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f sikkeler, m\u00fccevherat ve baharat say\u0131labilir. Arkeolojik buluntularda (\u00f6zellikle Volga\u2013Balt\u0131k hatt\u0131nda) g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 dirhemleri, bu ticaret a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fli\u011fine i\u015faret eder.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"7820\" data-end=\"8105\">\u0130slam kaynaklar\u0131nda an\u0131lan <strong data-start=\"7847\" data-end=\"7869\">Radhanit t\u00fcccarlar<\/strong>, farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalar aras\u0131nda dola\u015fabilen ve \u00e7ok dillilik \u00fczerinden ticaret yapabilen Musevi t\u00fcccar a\u011flar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilir. Bu durum, Hazarlar\u0131n ticari d\u00fczeninin g\u00f6rece kapsay\u0131c\u0131 ve pragmatik bir i\u015fleyi\u015fe sahip oldu\u011funa i\u015faret eder.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"8107\" data-end=\"8110\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"8112\" data-end=\"8175\">9. Din Politikas\u0131: Musevili\u011fin Kabul\u00fc ve Hukuk\u00ee \u00c7o\u011fulculuk<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"8176\" data-end=\"8458\">Hazar tarihinin en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan konular\u0131ndan biri, y\u00f6netici elitin Musevili\u011fi benimsemesidir. Akademik literat\u00fcrde genel e\u011filim, bu kabul\u00fcn <strong data-start=\"8318\" data-end=\"8341\">8. y\u00fczy\u0131l civar\u0131nda<\/strong> hanedan \u00e7evresinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olabilece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir; ancak tarihlendirme ve kapsam konusunda kesinlik s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-1337884052\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-25-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"8460\" data-end=\"8779\">\u00d6nemli nokta \u015fudur: Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, imparatorluk n\u00fcfusunun t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kapsayan bir toplu din de\u011fi\u015fimi olarak yorumlanmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Hazar \u00fclkesi, kaynaklarda <strong data-start=\"8606\" data-end=\"8619\">\u00e7ok dinli<\/strong> bir yap\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr: M\u00fcsl\u00fcman t\u00fcccarlar, Hristiyan topluluklar, geleneksel inan\u00e7lar ve Musevi elit \u00e7evre ayn\u0131 siyasal \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda varl\u0131k g\u00f6sterebilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"8781\" data-end=\"9009\">Baz\u0131 kaynaklar, ba\u015fkentte farkl\u0131 inan\u00e7 gruplar\u0131n\u0131n temsil edildi\u011fi bir yarg\u0131 d\u00fczeninden s\u00f6z eder. Bu durum, modern kavramlarla \u201claiklik\u201d de\u011fil; imparatorluk prati\u011fine dayal\u0131 <strong data-start=\"8955\" data-end=\"8986\">pragmatik hukuk\u00ee \u00e7o\u011fulculuk<\/strong> olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"9011\" data-end=\"9014\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"9016\" data-end=\"9088\">10. Uluslararas\u0131 Diplomasi: Bizans, Abbas\u00eeler ve Kuzey Topluluklar\u0131<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"9089\" data-end=\"9201\">Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n diplomatik etkisi, Bizans ve \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131yla ili\u015fkilerde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. 7.\u20138. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"9205\" data-end=\"9238\">Sasani miras\u0131 sonras\u0131 dengeler,<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9205\" data-end=\"9238\">Arap-\u0130slam fetihleri,<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9205\" data-end=\"9238\">Bizans\u2019\u0131n kuzey g\u00fcvenli\u011fi aray\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"9304\" data-end=\"9353\">Hazarlar\u0131 kritik bir m\u00fcttefik h\u00e2line getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"9355\" data-end=\"9400\">10.1. II. Justinianus ve Hazar Evlili\u011fi<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"9401\" data-end=\"9593\">Taht m\u00fccadeleleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda II. Justinianus\u2019un Hazar \u00e7evresiyle kurdu\u011fu evlilik ba\u011f\u0131, iki g\u00fc\u00e7 aras\u0131ndaki diplomatik yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6rneklerindendir. E\u015finin vaftizle Teodora ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 aktar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-2184938175\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-30-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-start=\"9595\" data-end=\"9645\">10.2. \u00c7i\u00e7ek (Tzitzak\/\u0130rene) ve Bizans Saray\u0131<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"9646\" data-end=\"10086\">741 civar\u0131nda Bizans veliaht\u0131 V. Konstantin\u2019in Hazar prensesi <strong data-start=\"9708\" data-end=\"9727\">\u00c7i\u00e7ek (Tzitzak)<\/strong> ile evlili\u011fi, Hazarlar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 prestijini yans\u0131t\u0131r. \u00c7i\u00e7ek\u2019in vaftizle <strong data-start=\"9805\" data-end=\"9814\">\u0130rene<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131 ve o\u011fullar\u0131 IV. Leo\u2019nun \u201cHazar Leo\u201d lakab\u0131yla an\u0131lmas\u0131, Hazar k\u00f6keninin Bizans anlat\u0131s\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olabildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. \u201cTzitzakion\u201d ad\u0131 verilen bir giysi modas\u0131na etkisi ise k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fimi i\u015faret eder; ancak modan\u0131n s\u00fcresi gibi detaylar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemez.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"10088\" data-end=\"10134\">10.3. \u0130konoklazm ve Hazar Etkisi \u0130ddias\u0131<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"10135\" data-end=\"10346\">IV. Leo d\u00f6neminin ikonoklazm tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla kesi\u015fmesi, bazen do\u011frudan Hazar etkisine ba\u011flan\u0131r; ancak ikonoklazm\u0131n nedenleri \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131d\u0131r ve bu ba\u011f i\u00e7in <strong data-start=\"10291\" data-end=\"10306\">kesin kan\u0131t<\/strong> bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan temkinli olmak gerekir.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"10348\" data-end=\"10351\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"10353\" data-end=\"10411\">11. Kaynaklar: \u0130slam ve Bizans Literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde Hazarlar<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"10412\" data-end=\"10775\">Hazarlar hakk\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u0130slam kaynaklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0130bn Hurd\u00e2zbih (<em data-start=\"10479\" data-end=\"10499\">Mes\u00e2lik ve Mem\u00e2lik<\/em>), Ya\u2018k\u00fbb\u00ee (<em data-start=\"10511\" data-end=\"10519\">B\u00fcld\u00e2n<\/em>), Mes\u2018\u00fbd\u00ee (<em data-start=\"10531\" data-end=\"10547\">M\u00fcr\u00fbc ez-Zeheb<\/em>), \u0130bn Fadlan seyahatnamesi, <em data-start=\"10576\" data-end=\"10591\">Hud\u00fbd\u00fc\u2019l-\u00c2lem<\/em> ve G\u0131rn\u00e2t\u00ee gibi isimler an\u0131labilir. Bizans taraf\u0131nda VII. Konstantinos\u2019un <em data-start=\"10666\" data-end=\"10692\">De Administrando Imperio<\/em>\u2019su ve daha ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nem kronikleri, kuzey politikalar\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda Hazarlar\u0131 ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"10777\" data-end=\"10934\">Bu kaynaklar\u0131n her biri, g\u00f6zlem ve ama\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131d\u0131r; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla anlat\u0131lar, d\u00f6nemin siyasal g\u00fcndemleri ve yazar bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla birlikte okunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"10936\" data-end=\"10939\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"10941\" data-end=\"11020\">12. \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f S\u00fcreci: Rus Bask\u0131s\u0131, Bozk\u0131r Konfederasyonlar\u0131 ve Ticaret Yollar\u0131<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"11025\" data-end=\"11175\">Onuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n siyasal g\u00fcc\u00fc zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, tek bir nedenle de\u011fil; bir dizi fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn birle\u015fmesiyle olu\u015fmu\u015ftur:<\/p><div id=\"bghab-3425205455\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-35-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"11179\" data-end=\"11238\">Kiev Rus knezi Svyatoslav\u2019\u0131n 960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardaki seferleri,<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11179\" data-end=\"11238\">Pe\u00e7enek ve di\u011fer bozk\u0131r konfederasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131,<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11179\" data-end=\"11238\">Ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi,<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11179\" data-end=\"11238\">\u0130\u00e7 siyasi ve ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeler.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"11368\" data-end=\"11743\">Bu nedenle \u201cbir anda \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u201d yerine <strong data-start=\"11403\" data-end=\"11423\">kademeli \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme<\/strong> daha do\u011fru bir a\u00e7\u0131klamad\u0131r. Hazar topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 farkl\u0131 siyasal yap\u0131lara kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f; Kafkasya\u2013K\u0131r\u0131m\u2013Volga hatt\u0131nda farkl\u0131 kimlik ve inan\u00e7 haritalar\u0131 i\u00e7inde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak n\u00fcfusun \u201ckesin oranlarla\u201d \u00fc\u00e7e b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi net da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m iddialar\u0131, kaynak yetersizli\u011fi nedeniyle ihtiyatla ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"11745\" data-end=\"11748\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"11750\" data-end=\"11792\">13. Sel\u00e7uklular ile \u0130li\u015fki Tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"11793\" data-end=\"12208\">Hazarlar\u0131n zay\u0131flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem ile Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fi zaman bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yak\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de bu durum tek ba\u015f\u0131na do\u011frudan bir devaml\u0131l\u0131k kan\u0131t\u0131 de\u011fildir. Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n O\u011fuz boylar\u0131 i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 genel kabul g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Dukak\/Sel\u00e7uk anlat\u0131lar\u0131, bozk\u0131r d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131\u015fkan siyasi ili\u015fkileri ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilebilir; ancak \u201cSel\u00e7uklular Hazarlar\u0131n devam\u0131d\u0131r\u201d gibi kesin h\u00fck\u00fcmler modern akademide yayg\u0131n kabul de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"12210\" data-end=\"12437\">Sel\u00e7uklu \u00e7evresinde Tevrat\u2019ta da ge\u00e7en isimlerin bulunmas\u0131 ise do\u011frudan Musevilik ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 kurmaya elveri\u015fli de\u011fildir; bu isimler \u0130slam gelene\u011finde de yer al\u0131r ve Orta \u00c7a\u011f M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131nda yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"12439\" data-end=\"12442\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"12444\" data-end=\"12497\">14. Osmanl\u0131 ve Cumhuriyet D\u00f6neminde Hazar Alg\u0131s\u0131<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"12498\" data-end=\"12833\">Osmanl\u0131 kroniklerinde Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olmas\u0131; Osmanl\u0131 tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nceliklerinin daha \u00e7ok \u0130slam sonras\u0131 T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam devletleri ve hanedan merkezli anlat\u0131lar etraf\u0131nda kurulmas\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. Bu, Hazarlar\u0131n \u201cyok say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d de\u011fil; Osmanl\u0131 tarih\u00e7ili\u011finin kaynak ve ilgi alanlar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"12835\" data-end=\"13078\">Erken Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde ise T\u00fcrk tarihinin erken evrelerine ilgi artm\u0131\u015f; Hazarlar kongrelerde ve ders kitaplar\u0131nda daha g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr h\u00e2le gelmi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00f6nelim, yeni tarih anlat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n co\u011frafi ve kronolojik ufkunu geni\u015fletme \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-2132656043\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-40-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"13080\" data-end=\"13083\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"13085\" data-end=\"13142\">15. Hazar Tezi (A\u015fkenaz K\u00f6keni) \u00dczerine Akademik Not<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"13143\" data-end=\"13592\">1901 tarihli <em data-start=\"13156\" data-end=\"13177\">Jewish Encyclopedia<\/em> gibi derleme eserler Hazarlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011funu belirtir; ayr\u0131ca elitin Musevili\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015fi literat\u00fcrde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak \u201cA\u015fkenazlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Hazar k\u00f6kenlidir\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fc geni\u015f genellemeler, modern tarih\u00e7ilik ve genetik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi karma\u015f\u0131k tablo nedeniyle <strong data-start=\"13455\" data-end=\"13470\">kesin h\u00fck\u00fcm<\/strong> olarak sunulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ba\u015fl\u0131k, ara\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131nda farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin bulundu\u011fu bir tart\u0131\u015fma zemini olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"13594\" data-end=\"13830\">Ayr\u0131ca Holokost gibi tarihsel felaketleri etnik yeniden tan\u0131mlamalarla a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak hem metodolojik hem etik a\u00e7\u0131dan sak\u0131ncal\u0131d\u0131r; tarihsel ger\u00e7eklik, d\u00f6nemin kimlik tan\u0131mlar\u0131 ve belgeli politikalar \u00fczerinden de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"13832\" data-end=\"13835\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"13837\" data-end=\"13883\">Sonu\u00e7: Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Tarihteki Yeri<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"13884\" data-end=\"13969\">Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 7.\u201310. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda Avrasya\u2019n\u0131n kilit g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden biri olarak:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"13973\" data-end=\"14033\">Kafkas ge\u00e7itlerini ve Volga ticaret hatt\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmi\u015f,<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"13973\" data-end=\"14033\">Bizans ve \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 aras\u0131nda denge kurabilmi\u015f,<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"13973\" data-end=\"14033\">\u00c7ok dinli ve \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc bir n\u00fcfusu y\u00f6netebilmi\u015f,<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"13973\" data-end=\"14033\">\u015eehirle\u015fme, vergi ve ticaret d\u00fczenekleriyle kal\u0131c\u0131 bir devlet modeli ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"14234\" data-end=\"14662\">Hazarlar\u0131 \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan, yaln\u0131zca etnik aidiyetler \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen tart\u0131\u015fmalar de\u011fil; <strong data-start=\"14323\" data-end=\"14381\">Orta \u00c7a\u011f Avrasya sisteminde oynad\u0131klar\u0131 jeopolitik rol<\/strong>, in\u015fa ettikleri ekonomik a\u011flar ve geli\u015ftirdikleri y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imidir. Tarih, kimlik \u00fcretme amac\u0131yla de\u011fil; ge\u00e7mi\u015fi anlamaya d\u00f6n\u00fck y\u00f6ntemli bir \u00e7aba olarak ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrk tarihinin oldu\u011fu kadar d\u00fcnya tarihinin de dikkate de\u011fer bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n<div id=\"bghab-4233270317\" class=\"bghab-yazi-altinda bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- bghaber-yaz\u0131-sonu -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"4222328180\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div><br style=\"clear: both; display: block; float: none;\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Rafet ULUT\u00dcRK Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 6.\u201310. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyi, Kuzey Kafkasya ve Volga (\u0130dil) havzas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015f T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli bir siyasal organizasyondur. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Hazarlar\u0131n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":64837,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_seo_schema_type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-64836","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yorum"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc2PfJ-gRK","jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/cicek-roma.jpg?fit=1024%2C1536&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64836","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=64836"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64836\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/64837"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=64836"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=64836"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=64836"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}