BGSAM<\/p>\n
Yazar: <\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em>\u00c7avdar Marinov, \u201eBulgaristan Halk Cumhuriyeti Tarihi. Rejim ve Toplum\u201d adl\u0131 kitaptan Bulgaristan’da di\u011fer k\u00f6ylere yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6steriler, yer yer ayaklanmalara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri g\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131 bombalar\u0131, coplar, itfaiye ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve z\u0131rhl\u0131 ara\u00e7larla m\u00fcdahale etmi\u015ftir. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalarda, Kaol\u0131novo, Todor \u0130konomovo ve di\u011fer k\u00f6ylerde 7 ila 10 ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f, y\u00fczlerce ki\u015fi yaralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nParti liderli\u011finin belgeleri, 1984-1985 k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u201eulusal sorun\u201dun \u201ekesin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc\u201dn\u00fc \u00f6ng\u00f6rmemektedir. Bulgaristan’daki T\u00fcrklerin topluca ad de\u011fi\u015ftirme i\u015flemi, \u201eVazroditeln\u0131y prosess\u201d (yeniden do\u011fu\u015f s\u00fcreci), hem onlar i\u00e7in hem de etnik \u00e7o\u011funluk i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u00fcrpriz olmu\u015ftur. Ancak, bask\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nlemler ve daha \u00f6nce yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f isim de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu ad\u0131m mant\u0131ks\u0131z de\u011fildir. Bu eylemin fikri, b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle ilk parti-devlet liderinin do\u011frudan \u201euzman\u201d ve siyasi \u00e7evresinde \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7teki olas\u0131 ortak yazarlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r: Todor Jivkov (Parti ve Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131), Georgi Djagarov (Devlet Konseyi Ba\u015fkan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131), akademisyenler Angel Balevski (Bulgar Bilimler Akademisi Ba\u015fkan\u0131) ve Panteley Zarev, Pen\u00e7o Kubadinski (OF Ulusal Meclisi Ba\u015fkan\u0131), Jivkov\u2019un kabine \u015fefi Milko Balev, parti merkezi sekreteri Stoyan Mihaylov ve \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Dimit\u0131r Stoyanov.
\n10 Aral\u0131k 1984\u2019te, sonuncusunun emriyle, \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ve Parti\u2019nin B\u00f6lge Komiteleri\u2019ndeki (BKP) ilk sekreterlere, \u201eT\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli Bulgar vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n adlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeleri i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131k yapmalar\u0131\u201d talimat\u0131 verilir. Kampanya, Aral\u0131k 1984 sonlar\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve \u015eubat 1985\u2019te sona ermi\u015ftir. \u0130lk olarak, K\u0131rcali ve Hask\u00f6y b\u00f6lgelerinde, sonra da Kuzeydo\u011fu Bulgaristan\u2019da, potansiyel \u201eprovokat\u00f6rler\u201d tutuklanm\u0131\u015f veya askeri e\u011fitim i\u00e7in toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Y\u00f6ntemler, pomaklarla daha \u00f6nce uygulanan plana benzer \u015fekilde tekrarlanm\u0131\u015f; k\u00f6yler, g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri (polis, ordu, s\u0131n\u0131r askerleri) taraf\u0131ndan ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve hava ate\u015fiyle korkutulmu\u015f, tanklar ve z\u0131rhl\u0131 ara\u00e7lar g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, parti militanlar\u0131 ve idari makineler tam h\u0131zla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f; k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli kampanyada 800.000’den fazla ki\u015finin kimlik belgeleri de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. T\u0131pk\u0131 pomaklarda oldu\u011fu gibi, \u00f6len akrabalar\u0131n isimleri unutulmam\u0131\u015f ve baz\u0131 yerlerde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman mezarl\u0131klar\u0131 yok edilmi\u015ftir.
\nVazroditeln\u0131y prosess\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131nda, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ve \u00f6l\u00fcmler meydana gelmi\u015ftir. En b\u00fcy\u00fck protestolar, Benkovski, K\u0131rcali, Mom\u00e7ilgrad, Gruevo k\u00f6y\u00fc (Mom\u00e7ilgrad), Cebel, Krumovgrad gibi yerlerde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, her biri silahl\u0131 kuvvetler taraf\u0131ndan da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yablanovo (Kotel) k\u00f6y\u00fcnde yerel halk yollar\u0131 kapatm\u0131\u015f, k\u00f6y daha sonra tanklarla i\u015fgal edilmi\u015ftir. Targovishte ve \u015eumen\u2019de de \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar olmu\u015ftur. Yaral\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 belirsiz kalm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6l\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131 da \u00f6yle: 7 etnik T\u00fcrk, kat\u0131lan \u201eyeniden do\u011fu\u015f\u00e7ulara\u201d g\u00f6re, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Bulgaristan\u2019da 24 ki\u015fi, DPC (T\u00fcrk Demokratik Partisi) bilgilerine g\u00f6re. Bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi daha sonra vurulduklar\u0131 yerlerden \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, binlercesi kamp ve hapishanelere g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir.
\n\u201eVazroditeln\u0131y prosess\u201d ifadesi, muhtemelen ilk kez, Bulgaristan Kom\u00fcnist Partisi (BKP) Merkez Komitesi sekreteri ve gelecekteki ba\u015fbakan Georgi Atanasov taraf\u0131ndan 18 Ocak 1985’te yap\u0131lan bir toplant\u0131da resmi olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kampanya, \u201eT\u00fcrk k\u00f6leli\u011finin son izlerinin halk\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n v\u00fccudundan silinmesi\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve ad de\u011fi\u015ftirme, Orwellci bir \u015fekilde \u201eBulgar isimlerinin geri getirilmesi\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yay\u0131nlar sonland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e radyo yay\u0131nlar\u0131 durdurulmu\u015f ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yer adlar\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, pomaklar\u0131n ad de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi 1970’lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 toplumdan gizlenmi\u015fken, \u201eVazroditeln\u0131y prosess\u201d sessiz kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Durum, \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrkiye’nin \u201eana vatan\u201d olmas\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fiyle karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n80’lerin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131, Sofya ve Ankara aras\u0131nda tam anlam\u0131yla bir diplomatik ve propaganda sava\u015f\u0131na sahne olmu\u015ftur, ancak ikili ili\u015fkiler kopmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her iki devlet, birbirlerini BM, UNESCO, Avrupa Konseyi gibi uluslararas\u0131 forumlarda k\u0131namaktan geri durmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye, Bulgaristan’daki temel insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerini ele\u015ftirirken, Bulgaristan, K\u00fcrt sorunu, K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019a m\u00fcdahale, Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 gibi meselelerden bahsederek kendini savunmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, \u201ekarde\u015fler\u201di savunmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck mitingler d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, toplumsal iklim gerilmi\u015f, Bulgaristan\u2019a askeri m\u00fcdahale \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, kom\u00fcnist rejim de \u201epant\u00fcrkizm\u201di ve \u201ei\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahaleyi\u201d k\u0131nam\u0131\u015f ve \u201eT\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fan halk\u0131n Bulgar k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlayan\u201d tarihi belgeler \u00fcretmi\u015ftir. Bu belgeler, parti merkezi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Propaganda faaliyetleri yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f; \u201eT\u00fcrk k\u00f6leli\u011fi\u201d \u00fczerine onlarca kitap bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok belgesel, ayr\u0131ca 1987\u2019de tamamlanan \u201eVreme Razdelno\u201d adl\u0131 film yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n1989\u2019a gelindi\u011finde, Jivkov y\u00f6netimi d\u0131\u015f politikan\u0131n sakinle\u015fmesini bekliyordu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye’nin K\u00fcrt direni\u015fine y\u00f6nelik hassas durumu vard\u0131. Ancak, Bat\u0131l\u0131 medya ve insan haklar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctleri, Bulgaristan’daki T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusun haklar\u0131n\u0131n ihlali hakk\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 alanda sesini y\u00fckseltmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi de Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un \u201eperestroyka\u201ds\u0131 sonras\u0131 temkinli bir tav\u0131r alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye ile ili\u015fkiler, 23 \u015eubat 1988\u2019de Belgrad\u2019da yap\u0131lan protokolle normalle\u015fmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak bu da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirmemi\u015ftir. Dahas\u0131, i\u00e7 politik ortam da karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201eyeniden Bulgarla\u015fanlar\u201d Bulgar k\u00f6kenini reddediyorlard\u0131. 1985-1989 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 direni\u015f grubu ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. 100 ki\u015fi, \u201eUzun K\u0131\u015f\u201d adl\u0131 gizli \u00f6rg\u00fct \u00fcyeli\u011finden tutuklanm\u0131\u015f ve ard\u0131ndan 200 ki\u015fi de \u201eT\u00fcrk Ulusal Kurtulu\u015f Hareketi\u201d \u00fcyeli\u011finden yakalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n1989 ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Bulgar kom\u00fcnist liderli\u011fi, \u201eVazroditeln\u0131y prosess\u201din ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011funu fark etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcm \u00f6nlemlere ra\u011fmen, kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k alanlarda T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fulmas\u0131 devam etmekte ve hatta g\u00f6steri\u015fli bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u201eYeniden Bulgarla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lanlar\u201d, T\u00fcrk isimlerini kullanmaya devam etmekte, geleneksel M\u00fcsl\u00fcman k\u0131yafetleri giymekte ve dini bayramlar\u0131 kutlamaktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde, yeni \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f (\u00f6rne\u011fin, T\u00fcrk ailelerinin daha \u00e7ok Bulgarlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine yerle\u015ftirilmesi) ve di\u011fer \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Bulgar aileleri ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lgelerde koloniler kurma). Ancak nihayetinde, daha \u00f6nce kullan\u0131lan bir y\u00f6ntem olan T\u00fcrkiye’ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etme se\u00e7ene\u011fi devreye girmi\u015ftir.
\n1989 yaz\u0131ndaki kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6ncesinde, Mart ve Nisan aylar\u0131nda a\u00e7l\u0131k grevleri ve protestolar d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu eylemler, Bulgaristan’daki T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfus aras\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle yeni pasaport yasas\u0131 ile ilgili endi\u015felerle b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu endi\u015feler, \u201e\u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Savunma Demokratik Ligi\u201d adl\u0131 yeni bir organizasyon arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla dile getirilmi\u015f ve Paris\u2019teki Avrupa G\u00fcvenlik ve \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Konferans\u0131\u2019na kadar geni\u015flemi\u015ftir.
\n20 May\u0131s\u2019ta, \u015eumen b\u00f6lgesindeki Pristoe k\u00f6y\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir miting d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f ve protestolar, Kuzeydo\u011fu<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\nBu protestolar\u0131n ve \u201eMay\u0131s Olaylar\u0131\u201d olarak bilinen g\u00f6sterilerin sert bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, binlerce T\u00fcrk aktivistin h\u0131zla \u00fclkeden s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmesiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Devletin, 1985 Ocak ay\u0131nda \u201e100.000-150.000 ki\u015finin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesini\u201d \u00f6nerdi\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, bu a\u015famada uygulanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nT\u00fcm bu geli\u015fmeler, d\u00f6nemin kom\u00fcnist rejiminin bir arac\u0131 olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201eB\u00fcy\u00fck Gezinti\u201d (1989 yaz\u0131ndaki kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n