{"id":42404,"date":"2019-11-30T11:14:36","date_gmt":"2019-11-30T08:14:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/?p=42404"},"modified":"2022-03-02T21:54:48","modified_gmt":"2022-03-02T18:54:48","slug":"asil-kirilmayi-biz-yasadik-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/asil-kirilmayi-biz-yasadik-1\/","title":{"rendered":"As\u0131l K\u0131r\u0131lmay\u0131 Biz Ya\u015fad\u0131k 1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tarih:\u00a0\u00a0 29 Kas\u0131m 2019<br \/>\nBGSAM<br \/>\nKonu:\u00a0 <strong>Bulgaristan\u2019da Ya\u015fayan Her T\u00fcrk Bir Kahramand\u0131r. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Bulgaristan\u2019da Osmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> Maddi K\u00fclt\u00fcr Miras<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n Tasfiyesi (1878-1908<\/strong>)<br \/>\nBalkanlarda ulus devletlerin kurulu\u015fu Osmanl\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ile b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131r\u0131lma ya\u015fanmas\u0131na, Osmanl\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015finin reddine ve Osmanl\u0131 miras\u0131n\u0131n tasfiyesine sebep oldu. Bulgaristan\u2019da <strong>saf bir ulusal kimlik in\u015fas<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong> ve ulus devletin konsolidasyonu s\u00fcrecinde Osmanl\u0131 miras\u0131n\u0131n tasfiyesi Avrupal\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6n ko\u015fulu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Yeni bir yaz\u0131 dizisiyle konumuzu geni\u015fletmek istiyorum.<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/em>Prof. Dr. Bahaeddin Yediy\u0131ld\u0131z dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Balkanlarda D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, Milli Devletler ve Osmanl\u0131 Miras\u0131n\u0131n Tasfiyesi: Bulgaristan \u00d6rne\u011fi (1878-1913) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 doktora tezin esas ald\u0131k. Ayr\u0131ca \u00c7anakkale Onsekiz Mart \u00dcniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi, Tarih B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden Sn. A\u015fk\u0131n Koyuncunun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan da yararland\u0131k.<\/p>\n<p>Bulgar modernle\u015fmesi, en ba\u015f\u0131ndan bir <strong>Osmanl\u0131dan ar\u0131nma hareketine<\/strong> b\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc. Ancak, Bulgaristan\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 miras\u0131n\u0131n tasfiyesi m\u00fccerret bir modernle\u015fme sorunu olmaktan \u00e7ok, din taassubu, ulus\u00e7uluk ve ulus devlet modelinin telkin etti\u011fi bir zorunluluktu. Bulgar ayd\u0131n\u0131 ve devlet adamlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetini H\u0131ristiyan Bulgar k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve geli\u015fiminin engellendi\u011fi bir esaret ve zul\u00fcm d\u00f6nemi olarak telakki etti, anlatt\u0131. Sonunda bu geli\u015fmeler k\u00fclt\u00fcrel soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve genel soyk\u0131r\u0131m denemesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>\u00a0Bu tahayy\u00fcl (imge) Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminin ve Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyeti ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilen kurumlar\u0131n, geleneklerin, T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman gruplar\u0131n, hayr\u00e2t ve m\u00fcberr\u00e2t\u0131n hor g\u00f6r\u00fclmesine ve \u015feytanile\u015ftirilmesine sebep oldu.<\/strong><\/em><\/p><div id=\"bghab-2424349813\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>Bulgar kimli\u011finde art\u0131k <strong>\u015earkl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> unsurlara yer yoktu<\/strong>. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 bug\u00fcne kadar devam ediyor, zenginle\u015ftirilerek, yeni yeni bi\u00e7imlerde\u00a0 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131l\u0131yor. 2017\u2019de Eski Zara\u2019da (Stara Zagora) 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda 52 bin T\u00fcrk yer \u00a0ad\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi T.C. Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 B. Y\u0131lmaz\u0131n m\u00fcdahalesiyle durduruldu. Limdi \u201c<strong>Koca Balkan<\/strong>\u201d tepelerinin \u00a0\u201c<strong>Bekleme<\/strong>\u201d, \u201c<strong>Araba Konak<\/strong>\u201d, \u201c<strong>\u015eipka<\/strong>\u201d gibi adlar\u0131na Bulgar isimleri ar\u0131yorlar. 2019\u2019da Bulgar K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan sorunlardan birisi, Bulgar klasik \u0130van Vazov\u2019un \u201c<strong>Pod \u0130goto<\/strong>\u201d (Esaret Alt\u0131nda) roman\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeki 6 bin T\u00fcrk ve eski Bulgar s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn yeni s\u00f6zlerle de\u011fi\u015ftirilip, roman\u0131n yeniden yazma sorunudur. Bu yeni yazma s\u00fcrecinde i\u00e7indeki T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 buharla\u015f\u0131r m\u0131 bilemiyorum.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Bu nedenle yeni Bulgar devleti siyasi, idari, sosyal, ekonomik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, demografik ve dinsel alanlara n\u00fcfuz eden T\u00fcrk, \u0130slami ve \u015earkl\u0131 etkilerin tasfiyesine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/strong><\/em> Bu ba\u011flamda ge\u00e7mi\u015fin istenmeyen unsurlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 madd\u00ee k\u00fclt\u00fcr miras\u0131 \u00f6n s\u0131raya yerle\u015ftirildi ve \u015fehirlerin modernle\u015ftirilmesi ad\u0131na \u00e7ok say\u0131da Osmanl\u0131 eseri y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Bulgaristan\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tasfiyesi \u201c<strong>93 harbi<\/strong>\u201d ile ba\u015flad\u0131 ve Berlin Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na (1878) \u00a0ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak inceledi\u011fimiz d\u00f6nem boyunca s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00e2b\u0131\u00e2li (Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti) ve Osmanl\u0131 komiserlerinin \u00e7abalar\u0131na ve protestolar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemini hat\u0131rlatan \u00e7ok say\u0131da cami, mescit, minare, medrese, hamam, mezarl\u0131k, tekke, t\u00fcrbe, han, kervansaray vb. eser Bulgar belediyeleri taraf\u0131ndan \u015fehirlerin yeniden in\u015fas\u0131 ve planlanmas\u0131 gerek\u00e7eleri ile y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 eserlerinin tasfiyesi, ger\u00e7ekte Bulgar h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin \u00fclkenin H\u0131ristiyan Bulgar karakterini vurgulamak i\u00e7in uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 bilin\u00e7li bir politika oldu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Camiler din taassubu ve ulus\u00e7ulu\u011fun ba\u015fl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>ca hedefiydi<\/strong>. Nitekim bu d\u00f6nemde \u015fehirlerdeki camilerin \u00e7o\u011fu y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131rken baz\u0131lar\u0131 kilise, m\u00fcze, okul, hastane, matbaa, depo ve cephaneli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Mesela Sofya\u2019da 1877-1878 sava\u015f\u0131ndan \u00f6nce mevcut olan 44 camiden yaln\u0131zca bir tanesi ayakta kald\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, Bulgaristan\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 sonras\u0131nda en k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fim \u015fehirlerin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc, fiziksel yap\u0131s\u0131 ve mimarisinde meydana geldi. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerinden \u00f6rneklerle konuyu ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak genelden \u00f6zelle i\u015flemek istiyoruz.<\/p>\n<p>***<br \/>\nBalkanlarda ulus devletlerin kurulu\u015fu, ilgili halklar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca siyas\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetinden ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131na de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ekonomik bak\u0131mdan da Osmanl\u0131 n\u00fcfuzundan \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131na, Osmanl\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fi ile derin bir k\u0131r\u0131lmaya ve Osmanl\u0131 miras\u0131n\u0131n tasfiyesi ile senkronize bir Avrupal\u0131la\u015fma s\u00fcrecine i\u015faret eder.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-487947960\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-10-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p><em><strong>Osmanl\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, Balkanlarda ulus devletin ve ulusal kimliklerin in\u015fas\u0131nda<\/strong><\/em> Osmanl\u0131 miras\u0131ndan ve onun toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn alanlar\u0131na n\u00fcfuz eden etkilerinden kurtulmak, Avrupal\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6n ko\u015fulu ve muadili say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim Bernard Lory, Bulgaristan \u00f6rne\u011finde Osmanl\u0131l\u0131ktan ve Osmanl\u0131ya ait \u015feylerden uzakla\u015fma ile Avrupal\u0131la\u015fma hareketinin veya Do\u011funun izlerinden ar\u0131nma ile Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n e\u015f anlaml\u0131 ve birbirini tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 bir olgu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kanaatindedir.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>\u00a0Gelgelelim, Bulgaristan\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 miras\u0131n\u0131n tasfiyesi<\/strong><\/em> m\u00fccerret bir modernle\u015fme sorunu olmaktan \u00e7ok, din taassubu, ulus\u00e7uluk ve ulus devlet modelinin telkin etti\u011fi bir zorunluluk olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc dinsel, etnik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel stereotip ve \u00f6n yarg\u0131lar ile yeni ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir ulus devlet yaratma i\u015ftiyak\u0131, tasfiye hareketinde daha belirgin bir rol oynam\u0131\u015f ve ulus devlet me\u015fruiyetini Osmanl\u0131 miras\u0131n\u0131n tasfiyesinden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden Bulgaristan\u2019da ulus devlet, en ba\u015f\u0131ndan modernle\u015fmenin siyasal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7imi olarak alg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f ve y\u00f6netici se\u00e7kinler devlet mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 ve toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131 Bat\u0131l\u0131 referanslar do\u011frultusunda yeniden in\u015fa etme ve evrimle\u015ftirme yolunu se\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015finin yads\u0131nmas\u0131, ink\u00e2r\u0131, karalanmas\u0131 ve izlerinin silinmesi hareketi yeni bir kimlik, yeni bir toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7 bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>Bu anlamda ge\u00e7mi\u015fin istenmeyen unsurlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 madd\u00ee k\u00fclt\u00fcr miras\u0131 ilk s\u0131ralara yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve \u015fehirlerin modernle\u015ftirilmesi ad\u0131na \u00e7ok say\u0131da Osmanl\u0131 eseri y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle Bulgaristan\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 sonras\u0131nda \u015fehirlerin fiziksel yap\u0131s\u0131, mimarisi ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcnde k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir de\u011fi\u015fim ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu de\u011fi\u015fim her ne kadar modern \u015fehircilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir sonucu gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de \u015fehir planlar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlan\u0131\u015f ve imar faaliyetlerinin ve uygulan\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi tasfiye hareketinin bilin\u00e7li bir y\u0131k\u0131m politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Nitekim A. \u0130\u015firkov\u2019un, Sofya ile ilgili olarak 1912\u2019de sarf etti\u011fi \u201c<strong>Yunanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>lar<\/strong><strong>\u0131 <\/strong><strong>bizim eserlerimizi tahrip etmi\u015f olmalar<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> y\u00fcz\u00fcnden k<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>namak i\u00e7in yeteri kadar kelime bulamayan bizler, kendimiz, T\u00fcrk eserlerini fanatik bir \u00e7<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>lg<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>nl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>kla y<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>kt<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>k<\/strong>\u201d \u015feklindeki s\u00f6zleri bu duruma i\u015faret eder. Bulgar Ulus\u00e7ulu\u011fu ve Osmanl\u0131 Miras\u0131n\u0131n Alg\u0131lan\u0131\u015f\u0131 Bulgaristan\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 miras\u0131n\u0131n tasfiyesi hareketinin zihinsel arka plan\u0131 Bulgar milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin do\u011fas\u0131nda gizlidir. Balkanlarda 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131 ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren ulusal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce t\u00fcccar, \u00f6\u011fretmen, gazeteci, edebiyat\u00e7\u0131 ve paradoksal olarak papazlardan olu\u015fan \u201centelijansiya\u201d (ayd\u0131nlar) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yo\u011frulmu\u015f ve modern ulusu ve m\u00fcstakbel ulus devleti d\u00fc\u015fleyen, onun fikr\u00ee ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel temellerini atan da bu s\u0131n\u0131f olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>Entelijensiya s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131,(Bu s\u0131n\u0131f \u0130stanbul<strong><em> \u201cRobert Kolej\u201d<\/em><\/strong>, Bat\u0131 \u00dcniversiteleri ve Rusya okullar\u0131nda e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) \u00a0Balkanlarda kimliklerin ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda dinin belirleyici oldu\u011fu Ortodoks cemaatinin <strong>dil ve etnisiteye dayal<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> laik ve leng\u00fcistik birimlere b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatm<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u015ft<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>r<\/strong>. B\u00f6ylece Balkanlarda <strong>milliyet\u00e7ilik bir yandan Osmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> kar\u015f<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>tl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> ve T\u00fcrk d\u00fc\u015fmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> \u00fczerinde bi\u00e7imlenirken<\/strong>, di\u011fer yandan gayri Rum Ortodoks unsurlar aras\u0131nda Fener Patrikhanesine duyulan tepkinin artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 millet sisteminin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n zorlanmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bulgar milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi bu do\u011frultuda \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir.<br \/>\n<em>BULGAR\u0130STAN\u2019DA OSMANLI MADD\u0130 K\u00dcLT\u00dcR M\u0130RASININ TASF\u0130YES\u0130<\/em><\/strong> esnas\u0131nda ayd\u0131nlar daha en ba\u015f\u0131ndan kendileri ile y\u00f6neticileri (T\u00fcrkler) aras\u0131na <strong>s<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>rlar \u00e7izerek yabanc<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>la\u015fma ve \u00f6tekile\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatt<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>lar<\/strong> veya din farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan beslenen mevcut ayr\u0131mlar\u0131 derinle\u015ftirdiler. Bu y\u00fczden siyas\u00ee, idar\u00ee, ekonomik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, sosyal, din\u00ee, demografik vs. alanlardaki <strong>Osmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> etkileri<\/strong> hen\u00fcz ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00f6ncesinde ulus\u00e7u ayd\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan yerli H\u0131ristiyan halka dayat\u0131lan yabanc\u0131 unsurlar ve inorganik eklentiler \u015feklinde nitelenerek tahkir edilmeye ve <strong>reddedilmeye ba\u015fland<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong>.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-932892848\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-15-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>B\u00f6ylece, <strong>Balkanlarda Osmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> varl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>, daha mirasa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeden Osmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> miras<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n kaderi tayin edilmi\u015f oluyordu<\/strong>. <em>Bulgar ayd<\/em><em>\u0131<\/em><em>n<\/em><em>\u0131<\/em><em> aras<\/em><em>\u0131<\/em><em>nda Osmanl<\/em><em>\u0131<\/em><em>\u2019dan uzakla\u015fma ve yabanc<\/em><em>\u0131<\/em><em>la\u015fma hareketi, ba\u011f<\/em><em>\u0131<\/em><em>ms<\/em><em>\u0131<\/em><em>zl<\/em><em>\u0131<\/em><em>ktan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce ba\u015flam<\/em><em>\u0131<\/em><em>\u015f, ulusla\u015fmaya paralel olarak g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015f ve 1878\u2019den sonra h\u00e2kim cereyan halini alm<\/em><em>\u0131<\/em><em>\u015ft<\/em><em>\u0131<\/em><em>. <\/em>Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce Bulgar ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu <strong>T\u00fcrklerin imparatorlu\u011fuydu<\/strong> ve \u015earkl\u0131, yabanc\u0131, <strong>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bir medeniyeti temsil ediyordu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Bulgar ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 saf bir Bulgar kimli\u011fi aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda s\u0131radan halka \u201c<strong>\u00f6tekini<\/strong>\u201d, \u201c<strong>yabanc<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>y<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong>\u201d g\u00f6sterirken, Orta\u00e7a\u011f Bulgar krall\u0131klar\u0131 ve toplumlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fccelterek Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetini ulusal de\u011fer ve erdemlerin yok edildi\u011fi, H\u0131ristiyan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bilin\u00e7li olarak bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve geli\u015fiminin engellendi\u011fi bir esaret ve zul\u00fcm d\u00f6nemi olarak resmettiler ve <strong>Bulgar milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fini ma\u011fduriyet hissi \u00fczerine in\u015fa ettiler.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu anlamda ilk \u00f6rnek, Bulgarlar\u0131 Rumla\u015fma tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 uyarmas\u0131 ve onlara eski Bulgar \u00e7arlar\u0131 ve azizlerinden \u00f6rnekler vererek Bulgar tarihine ve diline sahip \u00e7\u0131kmaya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmas\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda ismi tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda s\u0131k\u00e7a telaffuz edilmesine ra\u011fmen kendisinin bu y\u00f6n\u00fcne hi\u00e7 de\u011finilmemi\u015f olan Paisiy Hilendarski\u2019dir (1722-1773<strong>). Paisiy 1762\u2019de yazd<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>\u0131 \u201c<\/strong><strong>Slavyanob<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>lgarska \u0130storiya\u201d (Slav-Bulgar Tarihi) adl<\/strong><strong>\u0131 <\/strong><strong>hagiographic eserinde Bulgaristan\u2019<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n T\u00fcrk esaretine giri\u015fi, soylular<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n katledilmesi ve halka yap<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>lan zul\u00fcmler, \u00e7ocuklar<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n yeni\u00e7eri yapmak i\u00e7in toplanarak T\u00fcrkle\u015ftirilmesi, T<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>rnova Patrikli\u011finin ilgas<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>,kiliselerin camilere \u00e7evrilmesi,\u00e7ok say<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>da kilise, manast<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>r ve saray<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n T\u00fcrkler taraf<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>ndan yak<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>l<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>p-y<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>k<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>lmas<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> ve gasp edilmesi,T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netiminin k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve katlan<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>lmaz oldu\u011fu vs. konulardan da s\u00f6z ediyordu<\/strong>. Paisiy\u2019in \u201cOsmanl\u0131\u201d terimini hi\u00e7 kullanmamas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. O, ayr\u0131ca \u201ctursko porobvane\u201d (<strong>T\u00fcrk k\u00f6leli\u011fi<\/strong>) ve \u201cagaryansko robstvo\u201d (<strong>M\u00fcsl\u00fcman esareti<\/strong>) gibi terimlerle Bulgar tarih yaz\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemini nitelemek i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lan \u201cTursko robstvo\u201d (T\u00fcrk esareti), \u201cTursko igo\u201d (T\u00fcrk boyunduru\u011fu) gibi kli\u015fe terimlerin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>Parteniy Pavlovich (1695-1760), T\u00fcrkleri, <strong>halk<\/strong><strong>\u0131 <\/strong><strong>\u0130slam\u2019a ge\u00e7meye zorlamakla, reddedenleri \u00f6ld\u00fcrmekle, kiliseleri camilere \u00e7evirmekle su\u00e7larken<\/strong>, ilk Bulgar metropoliti Sofroniy Vra\u00e7anski\u2019nin (1739-1813) otobiyografisinde ise 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki karga\u015fa ortam\u0131nda (K\u0131rcaaliler D\u00f6nemi, 1790-1813) T\u00fcrkler <strong>yine zalimler, hapsediciler, i\u015fkenceciler, katiller, r\u00fc\u015fvet yiyiciler, keyiflerine g\u00f6re kad<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>nlar<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> al<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>p g\u00f6t\u00fcrenler ve gulampareciler olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>k<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>yordu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Bulgar ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle 1835\u2019den sonra laik okullar<\/em><\/strong>, Osmanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan Bulgarca gazete, kitap ve risaleler, \u00e7itali\u015fteler (okuma salonlar\u0131) ve nihayet k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ruhban ve kiliseler vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funu ve T\u00fcrkleri ulusal geli\u015fimlerini engelleyen ve kendilerini Avrupa \u00e7evresinden koparan bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak tasvir ettiler<strong>. Georgi Rakovski, L\u00fcben Karavelov, Vasil Levski ve Hristo Botev\u2019in komitecilik m\u00fccadelesine giri\u015fmesinden sonra bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 h<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>zland<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> (1862-1876). Mesela, Georgi Rakovski T\u00fcrkler hakk<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>nda \u201cparazit gibi ya\u015fayan, H<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>ristiyan k<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>zlar<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>na tecav\u00fcz eden Asyal<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> barbarlar\u201d, \u201cD\u00fcnyada T\u00fcrkler kadar insano\u011fluna kar\u015f<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> mezalimde bulunmu\u015f ba\u015fka bir halk yoktur\u201d, \u201cT\u00fcrkler bizim ebedi d\u00fc\u015fman<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>m<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>zd<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>r\u201d vb. g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere sahipti. L\u00fcben Karavelov, T\u00fcrkleri \u201cAsyal<\/strong><strong>\u0131 <\/strong><strong>barbarlar\u201d,\u201cyar<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> ahlaks<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>z\u201d, \u201cyar<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> vah\u015fi\u201d, \u201cyar<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> koku\u015fmu\u015f\u201d, \u201chomoseks\u00fcel\u201d vb. s<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>fatlarla a\u015fa\u011f<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>l<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>yor ve 1870\u2019de Bulgar Eksarhl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u2019n<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n kurulmas<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> arifesinde \u201c\u00e7orbac<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>, Rum metropolit ve T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netici \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fc a\u011fa\u00e7lara as<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>lmad<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>k\u00e7a Bulgaristan kurtulamaz\u201d diyordu.<\/strong><\/p><div id=\"bghab-2266796535\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-20-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong><em>Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00f6ncesi Bulgar ayd\u0131n\u0131ndaki genel alg\u0131lama bi\u00e7imi bu merkezdeydi.<\/em><\/strong> \u00d6te yandan, Bulgaristan\u2019da milliyet\u00e7ilik yerel anlamda Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 krizler ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneye do\u011fru yay\u0131lma politikas\u0131 e\u015fli\u011finde y\u00fckseliyordu. <strong>Ayanlar, K<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>rcaliler veya da\u011fl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> e\u015fk<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>yas<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n (1790-1813) yaratt<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u011f<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> deh\u015fetin izleri toplumsal haf<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>zada canl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>yd<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong>. Tanzimat d\u00f6neminde Gayrim\u00fcslimlerin imparatorluktaki sosyal ve hukuk\u00ee stat\u00fclerindeki geli\u015fmeler; kilise, manast\u0131r ve mektep in\u015fa ve tamirindeki k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n gev\u015fetilmesi ulus\u00e7u ayd\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan yetersiz g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Yine Tanzimat d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lan \u0131slah \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u201c<strong>reayay<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> baya\u011f<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> kendi esirleri h\u00fckm\u00fcne koymu\u015f olan<\/strong>\u201d gospodarlar ile a\u011fa, zaptiye ve yerel memurlar\u0131n \u00f6nlenemeyen suiistimal ve k\u00f6t\u00fc muameleleri, Ni\u015f ve Vidin\u2019deki k\u00f6yl\u00fc isyanlar\u0131nda ba\u015f\u0131bozuklar\u0131n ya\u011fma ve \u00e7apulculuklar\u0131, yerel halk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011frudan \u201c<strong>T\u00fcrk zulm\u00fc<\/strong>\u201d olarak alg\u0131lan\u0131yordu. 1876 Nisan Ayaklanmas\u0131 bu alg\u0131y\u0131 doruk noktas\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bulgar milliyet\u00e7ilerinin, yukar\u0131daki tabloyu b\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 as\u0131rlar\u0131na te\u015fmil etmesiyle be\u015f as\u0131rl\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetini niteleyen terimler cevr ve taaddi, ribka-i ecnebiye, esaret, bask\u0131, zul\u00fcm, geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k, \u015earkl\u0131l\u0131k, din\u00ee fanatizm ve karanl\u0131k devir gibi kli\u015felere indirgendi. Bu tahayy\u00fcl bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminin karalanmas\u0131na ve onunla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilen T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman gruplar\u0131n, kurumlar\u0131n, din\u00ee veya sek\u00fcler eserlerin \u015feytanile\u015ftirilmesine sebep oldu.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Ancak, 1864\u2019de Tuna Vilayetinin ve 1870\u2019de Fener Patrikli\u011finden ayr\u0131 m\u00fcstakil bir Bulgar Kilisesinin kurulmas\u0131na<\/em><\/strong> ve Bulgaristan\u2019da ya\u015fanan ekonomik geli\u015fmeye ra\u011fmen romantik milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir alternatifle tatmini gayrikabildi. Nitekim son tahlilde kazanan devrimci grup oldu ve Osmanl\u0131 miras\u0131n\u0131n kaderinde de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131kla birlikte tek ge\u00e7erli yakla\u015f\u0131m haline gelen devrimci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 alg\u0131s\u0131 belirleyici oldu. 22Ancak, 1878\u2019de Bulgar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ayd\u0131nlar, komiteciler ve <strong>olu\u015fmakta olan burjuvazinin<\/strong> sosyal ve siyas\u00ee \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u00e7abalar\u0131 ile de\u011fil, Rus ordusunun zaferi ile geldi. 1876 Nisan ayaklanmas\u0131 ile Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Balkanlara m\u00fcdahalesini me\u015fru k\u0131lacak bir zemin yarat\u0131ld\u0131. Ayaklanma me\u015fru bir devlete kar\u015f\u0131 bir isyan hareketinin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 de\u011fil, <strong>T\u00fcrklerin H<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>ristiyanlar<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> katletmesi \u015feklinde sunu<\/strong>ldu ve kay\u0131plar abart\u0131larak, <strong>mesele H<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>ristiyanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>k-M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>k davas<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld<\/strong>\u00fc. Bu suretle <strong>Avrupa kamuoyu T\u00fcrkler aleyhine \u00e7evrilerek \u015eark meselesine \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yollar<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> aranmaya ba\u015fland<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong>. Pan-Slavist ve Gladstone\u2019un temsil etti\u011fi \u0130ngiliz liberal \u00e7evrelerde, hatta Amerikan bas\u0131n\u0131nda T\u00fcrklerin Avrupa\u2019dan at\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Tarihlere<strong><em> \u201e93 harbi\u201d<\/em><\/strong> olarak ge\u00e7en 1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131 da, Balkanlar\u2019da kendi ayaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde durabilecek <strong>ba\u011f<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>ms<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>z bir Slav devletinin kurulmas<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>yd<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong>. Sava\u015f Balkanlardaki Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetine ve Bulgaristan&#8217;daki T\u00fcrk varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir darbe vurdu. Nitekim muharebeler esnas\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k <strong>800.000 T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u2019<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n \u00f6l\u00fcm veya s\u00fcrg\u00fcn suretiyle yerlerinden at<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>lmas<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><b> ve Bulgaristan\u2019da ya\u015fanan Todorova \u201cBalkanlardaki Osmanl<\/b><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> Miras<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> 1830<\/strong>&#8211;<strong>1878 aras<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>nda Bulgaristan\u2019da zanaat\u00e7<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>l<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>k,<\/strong> proto-end\u00fcstriyel imalat sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim ve kentle\u015fmeyi de\u011ferlendiren Michael Palairet, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminin Bulgaristan\u2019da ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan en verimli oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde sona erdi\u011fi sonucuna varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>BULGAR\u0130STAN\u2019DA OSMANLI MADD\u0130 K\u00dcLT\u00dcR M\u0130RASININ TASF\u0130YES\u0130<\/em><\/strong> demografik y\u0131k\u0131m ancak sava\u015f\u0131n bu ba\u011flam\u0131 ile anla\u015f\u0131labilecek bir olgudur. Netice itibariyle<strong><em> \u201c93 Harbi\u201d<\/em><\/strong> \u00f6zerk stat\u00fcdeki Romanya, S\u0131rbistan ve Karada\u011f\u2019a ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k getirirken, Bosna-Hersek\u2019in Avusturya kontrol\u00fcne girmesine sebep oldu. Bulgaristan\u2019da ise be\u015f as\u0131rl\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetine son vererek <strong>\u00f6zerk bir prenslik kurulmas<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> sa\u011flad<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong>. Ayastafenos Anla\u015fmas\u0131nda Makedonya ve \u015eark\u00ee Rumeli\u2019yi de i\u00e7eren Bulgaristan Prensli\u011finin <strong>s<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>rlar<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> Berlin Anla\u015fmas<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>nda daralt<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>ld<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong>. Bunun sebebi, Avrupal\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin Rus n\u00fcfuzunun stratejik olarak Bulgaristan vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Ege Denizine inecek olmas\u0131ndan duyduklar\u0131 endi\u015feydi. Berlin Anla\u015fmas\u0131nda \u015eark\u00ee Rumeli, H\u0131ristiyan bir vali y\u00f6netiminde \u00f6zerk bir y\u00f6netim kurulmas\u0131, Makedonya ise \u0131slahat yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funa iade edildi.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00f6ylece <strong>Bulgaristan Prensli\u011fi, Tuna Vilayeti d\u00e2hilindeki Sofya, Vidin, Ni\u011fbolu, Zi\u015ftovi, Rus\u00e7uk, Silistre, Varna, \u015eumnu, Lof\u00e7a ve T<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>rnova \u015fehirlerinden olu\u015fuyordu.<\/strong> \u015eark\u00ee Rumeli Vilayeti ise Edirne vilayetine ba\u011fl\u0131 Filibe, \u0130slimye, Eski Za\u011fra, Tatarpazarc\u0131k, Burgaz ve Hask\u00f6y\u2019\u00fc i\u00e7ine al\u0131yordu. Bulgaristan Prensli\u011fi, 1885 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir oldubitti ile \u015eark\u00ee Rumeli\u2019yi ilhak etti, Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funa ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde kald\u0131. Bulgaristan\u2019da ulus devletin, S\u0131rp ve Yunan \u00f6rneklerindeki gibi, Rus ordular\u0131 sayesinde kurulmas\u0131 toplumun sivil temelleri hen\u00fcz olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in radikal ve militan unsurlar\u0131n y\u00fckselmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. B\u00f6ylece ulus, yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ulusal \u00f6nderlerin y\u00fcr\u00fctecekleri bir in\u015fa projesi olarak alg\u0131land\u0131. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir merkezi devlet, b\u00fcrokrasi, ordu, e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131, kilise ve bas\u0131n Bulgar ulusunun in\u015fas\u0131 ve yo\u011frulmas\u0131nda ba\u015f rol\u00fc oynad\u0131lar. Bulgaristan, t\u0131pk\u0131 di\u011fer Balkan devletleri gibi, Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011fundan farkl\u0131 etnik ve dini gruplar\u0131 tevar\u00fcs etmi\u015fti. Bu y\u00fczden Bulgar ayd\u0131n\u0131 ve politikac\u0131lar\u0131 Bulgar ulusunun tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapmak ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek durumundayd\u0131. Balkan milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fine has bir olgu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen etnik ve dini az\u0131nl\u0131klardan ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, saf bir millet arzusunun \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla Bulgaristan\u2019da \u201cbir ulus-bir devlet\u201d prensibi benimsendi ve Bulgarca konu\u015fan ve Bulgar Ortodoks Kilisesine mensup olanlar asl\u00ee unsur say\u0131ld\u0131. Bir ba\u015fka ifade ile <strong>Bulgar ulusu dil ve din \u00fczerine kuruldu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Anayasal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere ra\u011fmen, etnik ve dini a\u00e7\u0131dan Bulgar Ortodoks \u00e7o\u011funluktan ayr\u0131lanlar \u201c<strong>di\u011ferleri<\/strong>\u201d kategorisine yerle\u015ftirildi. Bu kategoriye Bulgarca konu\u015ftuklar\u0131 halde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in Pomaklar da d\u00e2hildi. Az\u0131nl\u0131k durumuna d\u00fc\u015fen ve ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemin istenmeyen kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 nazar\u0131yla bak\u0131lan T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfus g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek veya yeni duruma al\u0131\u015fmak zorunlulu\u011fu ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Buna mukabil k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck etnik ve dini gruplar\u0131n (Rum, Ulah, Gagavuz vs.) asimilasyonu fikri benimsendi. <strong>Ulus devletlerin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu se\u00e7kin bir tarih ve \u015fanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fin \u015fan<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>nda Bulgaristan\u2019da Osmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nem y\u00fcceltilirken, Osmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131 <\/strong><strong>d\u00f6neminin karalanmas<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> yoluna gidildi<\/strong>. Yeni tarih gelenekleri yaratmak ve Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemini bu ba\u011flamlar i\u00e7erisinde yorumlamak, sadece ulus in\u015fas\u0131 ve yeni rejimin \u00fclke i\u00e7inde me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015flevini g\u00f6rmekle kalm\u0131yor, Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da bir me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rma amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcd\u00fcyordu.31 B\u00f6ylece, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00f6ncesinde dini literat\u00fcr ve s\u00f6zl\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcrde ya\u015fayan efsaneler, ayd\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetine y\u00f6nelik olarak \u00fcretilen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve stereo-tipler tevat\u00fcr haline getirildi, evrimle\u015ftirildi ve gerekti\u011finde icat edilerek modern zamanlara ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. <strong>Bu durum Bulgaristan\u2019<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n Osmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> ge\u00e7mi\u015fine oldu\u011fu kadar Osmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u2019dan miras kalan T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman unsurlara kar\u015f<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> da yabanc<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>la\u015fmas<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> artt<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>rd<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong> <strong>Bulgar devlet adamlar<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> a\u00e7<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>s<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>ndan Avrupal<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>la\u015fman<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n ilk \u015fart<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> Osmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131 <\/strong><strong>ge\u00e7mi\u015finin reddi ve Osmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> izlerinin silinmesi idi. <\/strong>\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Avrupa b\u00fct\u00fcn olumlu unsurlar\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran \u00f6rnek bir model olarak telakki edildi\u011fi ve Osmanl\u0131 kurum ve yap\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir mihenk ta\u015f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in \u015earkl\u0131 unsurlar Bat\u0131ya benzerlikleri veya farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendiriliyordu. Bundan dolay\u0131, <strong>Osmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>l<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>k geri kalm<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u015fl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>k ve Avrupa\u2019n<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n d<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u015f<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>nda kalmakla, Avrupa\u2019y<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> taklit etmek ise ilericilikle e\u015fde\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu<\/strong>. Bu anlay\u0131\u015f Jusdanis\u2019in tabiriyle gecikmi\u015f modernlik alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir durumdu. <strong>Osmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> d\u00f6nemi Bulgarlar<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> i\u00e7in din de\u011fi\u015ftirerek M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmak etnisitenin de de\u011fi\u015fmesi anlam<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>na geliyordu.<\/strong> Bu y\u00fczden <strong>Pomaklar daha Osmanl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> d\u00f6neminde ana kitleden <\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>skat edilmi\u015flerdi. <\/strong><\/p><div id=\"bghab-2925031117\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-25-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong><em>BULGAR\u0130STAN\u2019DA OSMANLI MADD\u0130 K\u00dcLT\u00dcR M\u0130RASININ TASF\u0130YES\u0130<\/em><\/strong> olgularla tavsifi Avrupa merkezli oryantalist de\u011ferlendirmelerle de \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu. Osmanl\u0131 as\u0131rlar\u0131 boyunca Balkanlara seyahat eden Avrupal\u0131 seyyahlar Balkanlar\u0131n meden\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan \u201c<strong>\u015earkl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong>\u201d, \u201c<strong>Asyal<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong>\u201d karakterine vurgu yapm\u0131\u015flar ve Balkanlar\u0131 muhayyel Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n Do\u011fusuna yerle\u015ftirmi\u015flerdi. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k bir anlamda oryantalizm tuza\u011f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen Balkan ayd\u0131n ve politikac\u0131lar\u0131na r\u00fc\u015ftlerini ispatlama ve Avrupal\u0131 olduklar\u0131 iddias\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlama imk\u00e2n\u0131 vermi\u015fti. Bu nedenle, Yunan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan itibaren Balkanlarda kurulan her yeni ulus devletin kendisini <strong>Do\u011fu-Bat<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> s<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>r<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n Bat<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>s<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>nda g\u00f6rmesine ve siyas\u00ee, sosyal ve ekonomik yap<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>lar<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>, \u015fehirlerini ve g\u00fcndelik ya\u015famlar<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>n<\/strong><strong>\u0131 <\/strong><strong>ku\u015fatan \u201c\u015earkl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> lekelerden\u201d ar<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>nmaya \u00e7al<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u015fmas<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>na \u015fa\u015fmamak gerekir<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Bulgaristan&#8217;\u0131n yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde Bulgar devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelmesi gereken ilk sorun eski Osmanl\u0131 kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n yerine Avrupa kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ve politik sisteminin ikamesiydi. Devlet te\u015fkilat\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 miras\u0131n\u0131n tasfiyesi ge\u00e7ici Rus idaresi d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flad\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131k yirmi y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. B\u00fcrokrasi, ordu, e\u011fitim, bas\u0131n, toplum, edebiyat ve sanatta Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 benimsenmesine ra\u011fmen idar\u00ee, ekonomik, sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alanlarda Osmanl\u0131 izlerinin silinmesi tedricen geli\u015fti. Osmanl\u0131 miras\u0131 \u00f6zellikle pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve g\u00fcndelik ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131 (davran\u0131\u015f ve yemek k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, zihniyet, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k ve adetler, dil, m\u00fczik, konut mimarisi vs.) ile \u201c93 harbinin\u201d yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 n\u00fcfus kayb\u0131 ve s\u00fcrekli g\u00f6\u00e7lere ra\u011fmen demografi alan\u0131nda <strong>tasfiye hareketine diren\u00e7 g\u00f6sterdi<\/strong>. Bulgaristan\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 izlerinin silinmesi hareketi, daha \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ve kamusal alanda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu ve <strong>en radikal de\u011fi\u015fimlerden birisi kentlerin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc, \u015fehircilik, mimar\u00ee anlay<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>\u015f ve giyimde meydana geldi.<\/strong> Sofya\u2019dan ba\u015flayarak \u015fehirlerde ya\u015fanan modernle\u015fme ve fiziksel de\u011fi\u015fim k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede kendi tiplerini yaratt\u0131 ve Aleko Konstantinov\u2019un roman kahraman\u0131 <strong>Bay Gan\u00fc<\/strong> benzeri Bat\u0131ya \u00f6yk\u00fcnen taklit\u00e7i tipler t\u00fcredi.<\/p>\n<p>Bulgaristan \u015eehirlerinde Osmanl\u0131 Eserlerinin Genel G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde in\u015fa edilen ve vak\u0131flar sayesinde ya\u015fat\u0131lan sivil ve dini yap\u0131larla Balkan \u015fehirlerinin \u00e7ehresi ve siluetleri de\u011fi\u015ferek \u0130slam\u00ee bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Cami, mescit ve minareler, medrese, tekke, zaviye, t\u00fcrbe, mektep, imaret, hamam, konak, \u00e7e\u015fme, bedesten, han, kervansaray, k\u00f6pr\u00fc vb. eserlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00e7o\u011funlukla tek katl\u0131 ah\u015fap ve kerpi\u00e7 evleri, dar ve \u00e7\u0131kmaz sokaklar\u0131, yaz\u0131n tozlu-k\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00e7amurlu yollar\u0131, arasta, \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131 ve mezarl\u0131klar\u0131 ile ye\u015fillikler i\u00e7inde, uzaktan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda pitoresk bir manzara sunan, fakat bak\u0131ms\u0131z, hijyenik a\u00e7\u0131dan yetersiz ve genel anlamda modern bir plandan yoksun olan ve dini cemaatlerin farkl\u0131 mahallelerde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 Bulgaristan \u015fehirleri, Osmanl\u0131 \u015fehrinin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetinin son d\u00f6neminde Mithat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n gayretleri ile Tuna vilayetinde altyap\u0131 ve bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k alanlar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler kaydedilmi\u015fti. Mithat Pa\u015fa, belli ba\u015fl\u0131 \u015fehirleri kamu binalar\u0131, r\u00fc\u015ftiye ve s\u0131byan mektepleri, T\u00fcrk ve Bulgar \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 i\u00e7in karma \u0131slahhaneler (Rus\u00e7uk ve Sofya\u2019da), hastane ve sokak \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 ile donatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.Ayr\u0131ca, Rus\u00e7uk liman\u0131n\u0131 \u0131slah etti\u011fi gibi, Zi\u015ftovi\u2019de ana sokaklar\u0131 geni\u015fletmi\u015f ve R\u0131ht\u0131m ve K\u00fcn Pazar meydanlar\u0131n\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sofya\u2019da ise modern \u015fehircili\u011fin bir timsali olarak bir merkezde birle\u015fen \u0130stanbul, Orhaniye, Lom, K\u00f6stendil ve Vito\u015fa bulvarlar\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa etmi\u015fti. Onun be\u015f dairesel eksen \u00fczerine kurulu imar plan\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131ktan sonra Sofya \u015fehir plan\u0131n\u0131n temelini te\u015fkil etti. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti \u0130slam ideolojisine sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u015fehirlerde \u0130slam eserleri geli\u015firken, H\u0131ristiyan eserleri kemiyet ve keyfiyet itibariyle geri planda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ekrem Hakk\u0131 Ayverdi\u2019nin bulgular\u0131na g\u00f6re, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde <strong>Bulgaristan\u2019da 2356 cami ve mescid, 142 medrese-dar\u00fclkurra, 273 mektep, 42 imaret, 174 tekke-zaviye, 116 han, 113 hamam-kapl<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>ca- <\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>l<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>ca, 27 t\u00fcrbe, 24 k\u00f6pr\u00fc, 75 \u00e7e\u015fme, 3 sebil, 26 kervansaray ve saray, kale, hastahane, k\u00fct\u00fcphane, saat kulesi, bedesten vs. olmak \u00fczere toplam 3399 adet eser in\u015fa edilmi\u015fti<\/strong>. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131kla birlikte \u015eark\u00ee Rumeli hari\u00e7 olmak \u00fczere Bulgaristan Emaretine miras kalan vak\u0131f hayr\u00e2t (cami, mescit, medrese, imaret vs.) ve m\u00fcberr\u00e2t\u0131n (han, hamam, \u00e7e\u015fme, k\u00f6pr\u00fc vs.) <strong>say<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong>s<\/strong><strong>\u0131<\/strong><strong> 2051 idi<\/strong>. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablolar, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00f6ncesinde Tuna vilayetinin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fehir ve kasabalar\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 eserleri hakk\u0131nda bilgiler sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Devam edecek.<br \/>\nBu dizimizden Osmanl\u0131 eserlerinin kaderini \u00f6\u011freneceksiniz.<br \/>\nBizi izleyiniz. Payla\u015fmay\u0131 unutmay\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\n<div id=\"bghab-2794458920\" class=\"bghab-yazi-altinda bghab-entity-placement\"><div class=\"bghab-adlabel\">Reklamlar<\/div><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- bghaber-yaz\u0131-sonu -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"4222328180\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div><br style=\"clear: both; display: block; float: none;\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tarih:\u00a0\u00a0 29 Kas\u0131m 2019 BGSAM Konu:\u00a0 Bulgaristan\u2019da Ya\u015fayan Her T\u00fcrk Bir Kahramand\u0131r. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bulgaristan\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 Maddi K\u00fclt\u00fcr Miras\u0131n\u0131n Tasfiyesi (1878-1908) Balkanlarda ulus devletlerin kurulu\u015fu Osmanl\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":24365,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42404","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yorum"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/bgsam-banner.jpg?fit=468%2C90&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc2PfJ-b1W","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42404","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=42404"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42404\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24365"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42404"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=42404"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=42404"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}