Ali Mehmedov<\/p>\n
Doktora \u00d6\u011frencisi, Sakarya \u00dcniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Anabilim Dal\u0131, alimehmedov8@gmail.com \u00d6zet: Bulgaristan\u2019da \u0130slam e\u011fitimi kurumumlar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00f6nem olarak tasnif edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk d\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 1371 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00c7irmen muharebesinden 1878 senesinde Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131na kadard\u0131r. Evliya \u00c7elebi\u2019nin verdi\u011fi bilgilere g\u00f6re Bulgaristan\u2019da ilk medrese 1375-1385 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda veya XIV. asr\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Yanbolu\u2019da kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130sl\u00e2m e\u011fitim sistemi iki a\u015famal\u0131d\u0131r \u2013 s\u0131byan mektebi (ilkokul) ve medrese (ortaokul, lise ve y\u00fcksek e\u011fitim). \u0130kinci d\u00f6nem 1878 senesinde \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Bulgar Devleti\u2019nin kurulu\u015fundan Bulgaristan Ba\u015fm\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn 1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda tesis edili\u015fine kadard\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u0130sl\u00e2m e\u011fitim sistemi \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famal\u0131d\u0131r: ibtidaiyye (ilkokul), r\u00fc\u015fdiye (ortaokul) ve medrese (lise ve y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011frenim). \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00f6nem 1910 y\u0131l\u0131ndan 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kom\u00fcnizm d\u00f6neminin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131na kadard\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde muallim ve m\u00fcderris yeti\u015ftirme kurumlar\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur: D\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019l-Muallim\u00een (1918) ve Medreset\u00fc\u2019n-N\u00fcvvab (1922). Anahtar Kelimeler: Bulgaristan\u2019da \u0130slam E\u011fitimi, Bulgaristan\u2019da \u0130slam E\u011fitimi Kurumlar\u0131, Bulgaristan\u2019da \u0130slam E\u011fitimi Tarihi, Bulgaristan\u2019da \u0130slam E\u011fitimi Kurumlar\u0131 Tarihi, Medrese. Short History of Islamic Education Institutions in Bulgaria 1371 – 1944 Abstract: The history of of Islamic education institutions in Bulgaria is divided into three periods. The first period started from the Battle of Chernomen in 1371 and ended with the Russo-Turkish war in 1878. According to the records given by Evliya Chelebi the first madrasah is erected between 1375-1385 or in the last years of XIV century in Yambol. In this period the the Islamic education was organised in two stages: sibyan schools (primary school) and madrasah (secondary school, high school and university). The second period started from the creation of the Third Bulgarian State in 1878 and ended with the establishment of the Chief Mufti office in Bulgaria in 1910. In this period the Islamic education is organised in three stages: ibtidaiyah (primary school), rushdiya (secondary school) and madrasah (high school and university). The third period was from 1910 to 1944 \u2013 the beginning of the Communist regime. In this period the education and training institutions for teachers and professors were set up: Dar al-Muallimin (1918) and Madrasat al-Nuwwab (1922). Keywords: Islamic Education in Bulgaria, Islamic Education Institutions in Bulgaria, History of Islamic Education in Bulgaria, History of Islamic Education Institutions in Bulgaria, Madrasa. G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Bulgaristan\u2019da \u0130sl\u00e2m e\u011fitimi genellikle ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131sm\u00ee ve par\u00e7al\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda kapsaml\u0131 ve kronolojik tasnife ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bu bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurmak i\u00e7indir. \u0130sl\u00e2m e\u011fitiminin periyodlar\u0131 tarih olarak saptan\u0131\u015f ve adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130sl\u00e2m e\u011fitimi kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ise farkl\u0131 peryodlarda nas\u0131l olu\u015fturuldu\u011fu ve organize edildi\u011fi ortaya konulmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece Bulgaristan \u0130sl\u00e2m e\u011fitimi kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 zaman ve nitelik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sistematize ederek bilimsel arg\u00fcmantasyonlu k\u0131sa tarih elde edilmi\u015ftir. Orijinal bir katk\u0131 ise \u00fc\u00e7 olay\u0131n ayn\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde vuku bulmas\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak Bulgaristan\u2019da \u0130sl\u00e2m e\u011fitiminin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 tarihini 1371 olarak belirlemenmesidir. Bu tarihte \u00c7irmen Muharebesi Osmanl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ar \u0130van Aleksand\u0131r \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ve \u00e7ar \u0130van \u015ei\u015fman tahta \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok tarih\u00e7i bu olaylardan dolay\u0131 1371 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 Bulgaristan topraklar\u0131n\u0131n fetih ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak kabul etmektedir.(\u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430 ve \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0435\u0432,1999) Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, bilimsel tekniklerin ve metotlar\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarama modelinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131r. \u00d6nce resmi kay\u0131tlar, belgeler, yay\u0131nlar ve konuyla ilgili yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ara\u015ft\u0131rma raporlar\u0131 taranm\u0131\u015f, dini alandaki yetkili ki\u015filerle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclerek konuyla ilgili bilgi, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve kanaatler toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1.Osmanl\u0131 D\u00f6neminde Bulgaristan\u2019da \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee E\u011fitim Balkanlarda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n yo\u011fun olarak ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerden biri Bulgaristan\u2019d\u0131r. N\u00fcfusunu Bulgar, T\u00fcrk, Pomak, Makedon, Tatar, \u00c7ingene vs. etnik gruplar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Anadolu\u2019dan T\u00fcrklerin Bulgaristan\u2019a yerle\u015fmesi, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Balkanlar\u0131 fethetme hareketlerinin ba\u015flamas\u0131 ile yo\u011funluk kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetine girmesi Murad H\u00fcdavendi\u011f\u0203r(1360-1389) zaman\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid(1389-1402) d\u00f6neminde tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bulgarlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda 1360\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Balkan and Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences Balkan ve Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Mehmedov, 2018: 04 (04) 122 \u0130van Aleksand\u0131r Asen bulunuyordu. 1371 y\u0131l\u0131nda Asen\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle taht kavgalar\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131 fethetmesi kolayla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Aleksand\u0131r Asen\u2019in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011flu \u0130van \u015ei\u015fman\u2019\u0131n abisi \u0130van Stratsimir ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede, Osmanl\u0131\u2019lardan yard\u0131m istedi. \u015ei\u015fman\u2019\u0131n k\u0131zkarde\u015fi Mara, I Murat\u2019a e\u015f olarak verildi. Bu \u015fekilde akrabal\u0131k ili\u015fkileri kuruldu. Daha sonra Sultan Murat\u2019\u0131n Anadolu\u2019ya ge\u00e7mesinin f\u0131rsat oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen S\u0131rp kral\u0131 Jovan \u0130gljesa 1364 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan S\u0131rps\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n intikam\u0131n\u0131 almak i\u00e7in Edirne\u2019de bulunan Osmanl\u0131 ordusuna sald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in plan yapt\u0131. 26 Eyl\u00fcl 1371 tarihinde \u00c7irmen mevkiinde yap\u0131lan sava\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin zaferi ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131. \u00c7irmen muharebesi ile Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, S\u0131rp kral\u0131 ve Bulgar kral\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetini tan\u0131yarak vergiye ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Trakya ve Balkanlar\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki Bulgar topraklar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan fethedilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Sultan I. Murad zaman\u0131nda Kral \u015ei\u015fman\u2019a ait olan Bulgaristan topraklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 fethedildi. Nihayet Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid( 1389-1404) d\u00f6neminde Bulgaristan fethedildi.(Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131, 1982). Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri, di\u011fer fethettikleri yerlerde oldu\u011fu gibi, Bulgaristan\u2019a geldiklerinde de kendileri ile birlikte yepyeni bir devlet d\u00fczeni getirmi\u015flerdir. Bulgaristan\u2019da \u0130slam e\u011fitiminin tesis edilmesi ve yay\u0131lmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyeti d\u00f6neminde b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131z ve yo\u011funluk kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, h\u00e2kimiyetine giren bu topraklarda daha ilk y\u0131llardan itibaren M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla mesk\u00fbn olan k\u00f6y ve kasabalarda cami, mescit, mektep, medrese kurarak T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam e\u011fitimi ve \u00f6\u011fretimi tatbik edilmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u0130lk e\u011fitim-\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131 camiler olmu\u015ftur. Bunlar yaln\u0131z ibadet yeri olmakla kalmayarak, ayn\u0131 zamanda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n birbirleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp kayna\u015fmas\u0131, toplumsal sorunlar\u0131n cemaat aras\u0131nda konu\u015fularak tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve karara ba\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir toplumsal mek\u00e2n olmu\u015ftur. Camiler din\u00ee kurumlar olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee e\u011fitim s\u00fcrecinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Daha kurulu\u015fundan itibaren camilerde tedrici bir geli\u015fme ile hemen hemen bilinen b\u00fct\u00fcn din\u00ee ilimlerin (Kur\u2019an ilimleri, Arap dili, Hadis, F\u0131k\u0131h ve Us\u00fbl\u00fc, Kelam) tedris edildi\u011fi bilinmektedir.Osmanl\u0131 Devleti caminin bu rol\u00fcn\u00fc Balkan \u00fclkelerine de ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bu y\u00f6relerde in\u015fa edilen binlerce cami ve mescit birer \u00f6\u011fretim m\u00fcessesesi olarak Balkan \u00fclkelerinde mesk\u00fbn olan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n din\u00ee e\u011fitimine hizmet etmi\u015ftir. Camilerle paralel olarak, Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetinin daha ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim sisteminde s\u0131byan mektepleri ya da mekteb-i s\u0131byan olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan orta ve y\u00fcksek dereceli medreseler \u00f6nem arz etmektedirler. Bu e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n fethedilmesiyle k\u0131sa zamanda \u00fclkenin her k\u00f6\u015fesine yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Memi\u015fo\u011flu, 2002). 1.1. S\u0131byan Mektepleri (\u0130lkokullar) Osmanl\u0131 devletinde yayg\u0131n olarak ilk e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer s\u0131byan mektepleri olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in tesis edilen bu mektepler klasik \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyetinde \u201ck\u00fctt\u00e2b\u201d adl\u0131 okullar\u0131n devam\u0131 mahiyetindedir. Bu okullara ayr\u0131ca d\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019tta\u2019lim, d\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019l-huffaz, ta\u015f mektep veya sadece mektep de denilmi\u015ftir. Bulgaristan\u2019da ilk s\u0131byan mektepleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerde, daha sonra ise kasaba ve k\u00f6ylerde faaliyete ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kurulan mekteplerin say\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda malumat \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Rumeli eyaletlerinin merkez sanaca\u011f\u0131nda XV ve XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda 60 s\u0131byan mektebinin bulundu\u011fu rivayet edilir. Bunlara cami ve mescitlerde yap\u0131lan ilk e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim faaliyetleri de ilave edilirse, Bulgaristan\u2019da ve di\u011fer Balkan \u00fclkelerinde geni\u015f mektep a\u011f\u0131 tesis edildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Baltac\u0131, 2002). Bulgaristan\u2019da ilk ve en eski mektepler aras\u0131nda Eski Za\u011fra\u2019da Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid\u2019in o\u011flu S\u00fcleymanzaman\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Hamza Bey mektebi yer almaktad\u0131r. Mektep Emir S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131n komutanlar\u0131ndan Hamza Bey taraf\u0131ndan 1409 y\u0131l\u0131nda in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir (\u00c7elebi, 1970). Bulgaristan\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk mektepleri hakk\u0131nda en do\u011fru tasviri Evliya \u00c7elebi yapmaktad\u0131r. Ona g\u00f6re, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Sofya\u2019da 40, Filibe\u2019de 71, Silistre\u2019de 40, Eski Za\u011fra\u2019da 42, T\u0131rnova\u2019da 20, Vidin\u2019de 11, Plevne\u2019de 7, \u015eumnu\u2019da 7, Kazanl\u0131k\u2019ta 7, Hask\u00f6y\u2019de 3, Hezargrad\u2019da 1 s\u0131byan mektebi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Evliya \u00c7elebi her camide, her mahallede birer \u00e7ocuk mektebi veya mescidin bulundu\u011funu belirtmektedir (\u00c7elebi, 1970). Bu okullarda erkek T\u00fcrk-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 7-15, k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ise 7-13 ya\u015flar\u0131nda e\u011fitimlerine devam etmi\u015flerdir.Bilebildi\u011fimiz kadar\u0131yla okula kay\u0131tkabul gibi herhangi bir i\u015flem s\u00f6z konusu olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan her ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu bu mekteplere gidebilmi\u015ftir. Okula giden k\u0131z ve erkek \u00f6\u011frencilerin hepsi bir oda i\u00e7inde, fakat ayr\u0131 yerlerde, mektebin has\u0131r\u0131 veya kilimi \u00fczerine diz \u00e7\u00f6kerek oturup, \u00f6nlerindeki birer k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck veya 5-6 ki\u015filik rahleler \u00fczerindeki Kuran\u2019\u0131 ya da dua kitaplar\u0131 \u0130van Aleksand\u0131r Asen bulunuyordu. 1371 y\u0131l\u0131nda Asen\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle taht kavgalar\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131 fethetmesi kolayla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Aleksand\u0131r Asen\u2019in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011flu \u0130van \u015ei\u015fman\u2019\u0131n abisi \u0130van Stratsimir ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede, Osmanl\u0131\u2019lardan yard\u0131m istedi. \u015ei\u015fman\u2019\u0131n k\u0131zkarde\u015fi Mara, I Murat\u2019a e\u015f olarak verildi. Bu \u015fekilde akrabal\u0131k ili\u015fkileri kuruldu. Daha sonra Sultan Murat\u2019\u0131n Anadolu\u2019ya ge\u00e7mesinin f\u0131rsat oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen S\u0131rp kral\u0131 Jovan \u0130gljesa 1364 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan S\u0131rps\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n intikam\u0131n\u0131 almak i\u00e7in Edirne\u2019de bulunan Osmanl\u0131 ordusuna sald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in plan yapt\u0131. 26 Eyl\u00fcl 1371 tarihinde \u00c7irmen mevkiinde yap\u0131lan sava\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin zaferi ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131. \u00c7irmen muharebesi ile Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, S\u0131rp kral\u0131 ve Bulgar kral\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetini tan\u0131yarak vergiye ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Trakya ve Balkanlar\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki Bulgar topraklar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan fethedilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Sultan I. Murad zaman\u0131nda Kral \u015ei\u015fman\u2019a ait olan Bulgaristan topraklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 fethedildi. Nihayet Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid( 1389-1404) d\u00f6neminde Bulgaristan fethedildi.(Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131, 1982). Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri, di\u011fer fethettikleri yerlerde oldu\u011fu gibi, Bulgaristan\u2019a geldiklerinde de kendileri ile birlikte yepyeni bir devlet d\u00fczeni getirmi\u015flerdir. Bulgaristan\u2019da \u0130slam e\u011fitiminin tesis edilmesi ve yay\u0131lmas\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyeti d\u00f6neminde b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131z ve yo\u011funluk kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, h\u00e2kimiyetine giren bu topraklarda daha ilk y\u0131llardan itibaren M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarla mesk\u00fbn olan k\u00f6y ve kasabalarda cami, mescit, mektep, medrese kurarak T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam e\u011fitimi ve \u00f6\u011fretimi tatbik edilmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u0130lk e\u011fitim-\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131 camiler olmu\u015ftur. Bunlar yaln\u0131z ibadet yeri olmakla kalmayarak, ayn\u0131 zamanda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n birbirleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp kayna\u015fmas\u0131, toplumsal sorunlar\u0131n cemaat aras\u0131nda konu\u015fularak tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve karara ba\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir toplumsal mek\u00e2n olmu\u015ftur. Camiler din\u00ee kurumlar olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee e\u011fitim s\u00fcrecinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Daha kurulu\u015fundan itibaren camilerde tedrici bir geli\u015fme ile hemen hemen bilinen b\u00fct\u00fcn din\u00ee ilimlerin (Kur\u2019an ilimleri, Arap dili, Hadis, F\u0131k\u0131h ve Us\u00fbl\u00fc, Kelam) tedris edildi\u011fi bilinmektedir.Osmanl\u0131 Devleti caminin bu rol\u00fcn\u00fc Balkan \u00fclkelerine de ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bu y\u00f6relerde in\u015fa edilen binlerce cami ve mescit birer \u00f6\u011fretim m\u00fcessesesi olarak Balkan \u00fclkelerinde mesk\u00fbn olan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n din\u00ee e\u011fitimine hizmet etmi\u015ftir. Camilerle paralel olarak, Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetinin daha ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim sisteminde s\u0131byan mektepleri ya da mekteb-i s\u0131byan olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan orta ve y\u00fcksek dereceli medreseler \u00f6nem arz etmektedirler. Bu e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n fethedilmesiyle k\u0131sa zamanda \u00fclkenin her k\u00f6\u015fesine yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Memi\u015fo\u011flu, 2002). 1.1. S\u0131byan Mektepleri (\u0130lkokullar) Osmanl\u0131 devletinde yayg\u0131n olarak ilk e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer s\u0131byan mektepleri olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in tesis edilen bu mektepler klasik \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyetinde \u201ck\u00fctt\u00e2b\u201d adl\u0131 okullar\u0131n devam\u0131 mahiyetindedir. Bu okullara ayr\u0131ca d\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019tta\u2019lim, d\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019l-huffaz, ta\u015f mektep veya sadece mektep de denilmi\u015ftir. Bulgaristan\u2019da ilk s\u0131byan mektepleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerde, daha sonra ise kasaba ve k\u00f6ylerde faaliyete ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kurulan mekteplerin say\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda malumat \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Rumeli eyaletlerinin merkez sanaca\u011f\u0131nda XV ve XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda 60 s\u0131byan mektebinin bulundu\u011fu rivayet edilir. Bunlara cami ve mescitlerde yap\u0131lan ilk e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim faaliyetleri de ilave edilirse, Bulgaristan\u2019da ve di\u011fer Balkan \u00fclkelerinde geni\u015f mektep a\u011f\u0131 tesis edildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Baltac\u0131, 2002). Bulgaristan\u2019da ilk ve en eski mektepler aras\u0131nda Eski Za\u011fra\u2019da Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid\u2019in o\u011flu S\u00fcleymanzaman\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Hamza Bey mektebi yer almaktad\u0131r. Mektep Emir S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131n komutanlar\u0131ndan Hamza Bey taraf\u0131ndan 1409 y\u0131l\u0131nda in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir (\u00c7elebi, 1970). Bulgaristan\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk mektepleri hakk\u0131nda en do\u011fru tasviri Evliya \u00c7elebi yapmaktad\u0131r. Ona g\u00f6re, XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Sofya\u2019da 40, Filibe\u2019de 71, Silistre\u2019de 40, Eski Za\u011fra\u2019da 42, T\u0131rnova\u2019da 20, Vidin\u2019de 11, Plevne\u2019de 7, \u015eumnu\u2019da 7, Kazanl\u0131k\u2019ta 7, Hask\u00f6y\u2019de 3, Hezargrad\u2019da 1 s\u0131byan mektebi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Evliya \u00c7elebi her camide, her mahallede birer \u00e7ocuk mektebi veya mescidin bulundu\u011funu belirtmektedir (\u00c7elebi, 1970). Bu okullarda erkek T\u00fcrk-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 7-15, k\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ise 7-13 ya\u015flar\u0131nda e\u011fitimlerine devam etmi\u015flerdir.Bilebildi\u011fimiz kadar\u0131yla okula kay\u0131tkabul gibi herhangi bir i\u015flem s\u00f6z konusu olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan her ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu bu mekteplere gidebilmi\u015ftir. Okula giden k\u0131z ve erkek \u00f6\u011frencilerin hepsi bir oda i\u00e7inde, fakat ayr\u0131 yerlerde, mektebin has\u0131r\u0131 veya kilimi \u00fczerine diz \u00e7\u00f6kerek oturup, \u00f6nlerindeki birer k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck veya 5-6 ki\u015filik rahleler \u00fczerindeki Kuran\u2019\u0131 ya da dua kitaplar\u0131 okuyarak e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Hocal\u0131\u011fa genellikle medrese e\u011fitimi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f veya okuma yazma bilen imam vb. ki\u015filer getirilmi\u015ftir. Hocan\u0131n g\u00f6revi \u00e7ocuklara okumay\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmek, \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00eeninin kurallar\u0131 ile Kuran\u2019\u0131 belletmekti.\u201cHer \u00f6\u011frenci hocan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne gidererek, dersini okur ve yerine d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra dersini bir\u00e7ok defa tekrar ederdi.Bu, bireysel ve her \u00e7ocu\u011fun d\u00fczeyine uygun bir \u00f6\u011fretme y\u00f6ntemi idi\u201d (Memi\u015fo\u011flu, 2002). Di\u011fer yerlerde oldu\u011fu gibi, Bulgaristan\u2019da da s\u0131byan mekteplerinin Tanzimat d\u00f6nemine1 kadar belli ba\u015fl\u0131 bir e\u011fitim m\u00fcfredat\u0131 yoktu. E\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimin esas maksad\u0131 talebenin do\u011fru d\u00fcr\u00fcst ve kaide \u00fczerine Kuran\u2019\u0131 okuyabilmesi, namaz k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in l\u00fczumlu olan birka\u00e7 \u00e2yeti ezbere \u00f6\u011frenebilmesi, ibadet ve d\u00eeni vecibelerini ifa edebilmesi i\u00e7in gereken bilgilere sahip olmas\u0131 ve \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirmekten ibaretti. Bu e\u011fitim-\u00f6\u011fretim sistemi birka\u00e7 as\u0131r herhangi esasl\u0131 bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011framadan devam etmi\u015ftir. Ancak XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra s\u0131byan mekteplerinin geli\u015ftirilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde, k\u00f6kl\u00fc reformlara gidilme ihtiyac\u0131 duyulmu\u015ftur (Memi\u015fo\u011flu, 2002). 1.2. Medreseler Medrese s\u00f6zl\u00fckte\u201cokumak, anlamak, bir metni \u00f6\u011frenmek ve ezberlemek i\u00e7in tekrarlamak\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cders (dir\u00e2se)\u201d k\u00f6k\u00fcnden t\u00fcretilmi\u015f bir mek\u00e2n ismidir. \u0130lk medreselerin ne zaman in\u015fa edildi\u011fi hususunda farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak kaynaklarda medrese olarak an\u0131lan ilk m\u00fcessese, fakih ve muhaddis Eb\u00fb Bekir Ahmed b. \u0130shak es-S\u0131b\u011f\u00ee (\u00f6. 342\/954) taraf\u0131ndan N\u00ee\u015f\u00e2bur\u2019da kurulan d\u00e2r\u00fcss\u00fcnnedir. Hasan b. Ahmed el-Mahled\u00ee ve Muhammed b. H\u00fcseyin el-Haseni gibi hadis \u00e2limlerinin iml\u00e2 meclisleri d\u00fczenledi\u011fi bu d\u00e2r\u00fcss\u00fcnnede 1000 kadar \u00f6\u011frencinin ders yapabildi\u011fi belirtilmektedir. Medresinin bir de vakf\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu, \u0130mam S\u0131bg\u00ee\u2019nin medrese ile vakf\u0131n i\u015flerini kendisinden sonra talebesi Hak\u00eem enN\u00ees\u00e2b\u00fbr\u00ee\u2019nin y\u00fcr\u00fctmesini vasiyet etti\u011fi kaydedilmektedir (Bozkurt, Diyanet \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi,[D\u0130A], c.28). B\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti de medrese e\u011fitimini vak\u0131flar sayesinde devam ettirme yoluna ba\u015fvurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Medrese sistemi ve te\u015fkilat\u0131, \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn sosyal hizmet ve yard\u0131m ama\u00e7l\u0131 m\u00fcesseseler gibi vak\u0131f temeli \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur (Memi\u015fo\u011flu, 2002).<\/p>\n
\u0130sl\u00e2m e\u011fitim sisteminin temel kurumu olan medrese, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde mevcut olan fizik\u00ee \u015fartlar, mimari \u00f6zelikler, e\u011fitim program\u0131 ve temsil etti\u011fi zihniyetle \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmeler g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Medrese bu d\u00f6nemde s\u0131byan mektebinden sonra orta, lise, y\u00fcksek okul ve \u00fcniversite e\u011fitimine tekab\u00fcl eden, \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee kimli\u011fi sebebiyle sadece M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n devam etti\u011fi bir e\u011fitim kurumu \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde ilk medrese olarak Orhan Gazi\u2019nin 1331\u2019de kurdu\u011fu, \u0130znik Orhaniyesi ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan \u0130znik Medresesi g\u00f6sterilir (\u0130p\u015firli, D\u0130A, c.29). Y\u00fcksek seviyede e\u011fitim-\u00f6\u011fretim ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren medreselerin \u00f6nemini kavrayan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti fethetti\u011fi Balkan \u00fclkelerinde sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilmek, idari ve y\u00f6netim kadrosunu yeti\u015ftirmek ve T\u00fcrk-\u0130sl\u00e2m k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yaymak i\u00e7in bu m\u00fcesseselerin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na ve geli\u015fmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Balkanlar\u2019da ilk medreseler XIV.asr\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan ve XV. asr\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren faaliyet g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Memi\u015fo\u011flu, 2002). Evliya \u00c7elebi\u2019nin verdi\u011fi bilgilere g\u00f6re Bulgaristan\u2019da ilk medrese 1375-1385 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda veya XIV. asr\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Yanbolu\u2019da kurulmu\u015ftur. Yine XIV. asr\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Sultan I. Murad ve I. Bayezid\u2019in \u00fcnl\u00fc komutan\u0131 ve ilk \u00c7irmen sancakbeyi Saruca Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan Kazanl\u0131k\u2019ta bir cami ve medrese in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir (Memi\u015fo\u011flu, 2002). Evliya \u00c7elebi Yanbolu\u2019da bulunan di\u011fer bir medresenin 1481 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015eeyh Mehmed \u0130bn-Noktac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tesis edildi\u011finden bahsetmektedir. Plevne\u2019de XV. asr\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ise Mihal o\u011flu Ali Bey Medresesi\u2019nin faaliyete ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Bu medresenin kurucusu XV.as\u0131r Osmanl\u0131 ak\u0131nc\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir mevkii i\u015fgal eden Mihalo\u011fullar\u0131ndan Gazi Ali Bey\u2019dir (\u041a\u0438\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430, 2017). Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer bir yerle\u015fimi Hezargrad\u2019ta XVI.asr\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa Medresesi a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu medresenin kurucusu, Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman\u2019\u0131n ikinci vez\u00eer-i azam\u0131 Maktul \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa\u2019d\u0131r.Medresinin in\u015fa tarihi kesin olarak bilinmemektedir (Memi\u015fo\u011flu, 2002). Sofya\u2019da bulunan Sofu Mehmed Pa\u015fa Medresesi ise XVI.asr\u0131n ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru faaliyete ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu medresinin kurucusu Kan\u00fbn\u00ee Sultan S\u00fcleyman devri vezirlerinden Sofu Mehmed Pa\u015fa\u2019d\u0131r. Evliya \u00c7elebi bu medreseden bahsederken: \u201cKubbeleri mavi kur\u015funla kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Hoca ve talebelerinin beslenme, ayd\u0131nlanma tay\u0131natlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.Her g\u00fcn devaml\u0131 yemekleri \u00e7\u0131kar\u201d demektedir. Sofya\u2019da XVI. as\u0131rda in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olan medreseler aras\u0131nda Mahmud Pa\u015fa Medresesi\u2019nin \u00f6nemli yeri vard\u0131r. Evliya \u00c7elebi bu medresenin talebelere mahsus k\u0131rk adet okuma yeri oldu\u011fundan bahseder (\u00c7elebi, 1970, c.3). Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131 XVII. asr\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda dola\u015fan Evliya \u00c7elebi, Silistre\u2019de 8, Filibe de 9, Vidin\u2019de 7, T\u0131rnova\u2019da 7, K\u00f6stendil\u2019de 3, Yanbolu\u2019da 3, Vra\u00e7a\u2019da 2, Kazanl\u0131k\u2019ta 2, Samakov\u2019da 2, Sofya\u2019da 2, Plevne\u2019de 2, Rahova\u2019da 1, Lom\u2019da 1, Hask\u00f6y\u2019de 1, medrese bulundu\u011funa dair bilgiler vermektedir (Keskio\u011flu, 1986). Baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re, XVII.as\u0131rda Bulgaristan\u2019da medreselerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 98\u2019e ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir. Genellikle medreselere s\u0131byan mekteplerini bitirenler veya hususi \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f fakat medrese seviyesinde olantalebeler al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada medreselerin derecelerine g\u00f6re, farkl\u0131 zamanlarda \u00e7e\u015fitli dersler okutulmu\u015ftur. Ancak bu derslerin hangileri oldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda kesin bir bilgi elde edilememi\u015ftir (Memi\u015fo\u011flu, 2002). Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin di\u011fer eyaletlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi Bulgaristan\u2019da da medreseler, m\u00fcderrisler ve talebeler b\u00fcy\u00fck vak\u0131flar taraf\u0131ndan idare edilmi\u015f ve b\u00fct\u00fcn ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 vak\u0131flarca temin edilmi\u015ftir. Mesel\u00e2 1540 tarihli vakfiye kay\u0131tlar\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, Maktul \u0130brahim Pa\u015fa vakf\u0131n gelirlerinden y\u0131ll\u0131k 68.139 ak\u00e7e Hezargrad Camisi ve Medresesinin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u0413\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430 ve \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430, 1998). Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Filibe\u2019deki \u015eahabeddin Pa\u015fa Medresesi, Camisi ve \u0130mareti i\u00e7in 1529-1530 y\u0131l\u0131nda ayn\u0131 zat\u0131n vak\u0131f gelirlerinden 179.987 ak\u00e7e temin edilmi\u015ftir (Kiel, D\u0130A, c.13). \u201cMedreselerin ekseriyeti yat\u0131l\u0131 tipinde olup dershaneleri ve talebelere mahsus yatak odalar\u0131 vard\u0131.\u00d6\u011frenciler burada kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z bar\u0131nma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulurlard\u0131.M\u00fctevelliler, talebelerin beslenme ve bar\u0131nmas\u0131, hatta cep har\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bizzat vak\u0131flar\u0131n gelirlerinden belirli miktarda para ay\u0131r\u0131rlard\u0131.\u201d (Memi\u015fo\u011flu, 2002). B\u00f6ylece Bulgaristan medreseleri Osmanl\u0131 e\u011fitim sistemi i\u00e7inde te\u015fkil\u00e2tl\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek seviyede e\u011fitim\u00f6\u011fretimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren m\u00fcesseseler olarak geli\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Bu medreselerde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kad\u0131l\u0131k, m\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fck, m\u00fcderrislik, k\u00e2tiplik gibi ilmiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve \u00fclkenin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, idar\u00ee ve di\u011fer kadro ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Umuma y\u00f6nelik medreselerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u0130sl\u00e2m ananelerini tetebb\u00fc etmek i\u00e7in Filibe\u2019de 1, Plevne\u2019de 1, ve Hezargrad\u2019da 1 olmak \u00fczere 3 Daru-l-Hadis ismiyle bilinen ihtisas \u00fczere tesis edilmi\u015f olanlar da vard\u0131r. Bu medreselerde ihtisasla\u015fm\u0131\u015f me\u015fhur ki\u015filer bir\u00e7ok ilim dal\u0131nda ders vermi\u015flerdir.Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda, kaide \u00fczerine do\u011fru d\u00fcr\u00fcst Kur\u2019an okumak i\u00e7in Filibe\u2019de 7, Lof\u00e7a\u2019da 1, Hezargrad\u2019da 1 ve daha 5 yerde olmak \u00fczere 13 D\u00e2r\u00fb\u2019l-Kurra ismiyle ihtisas medreseleri de kurulmu\u015ftur (Memi\u015fo\u011flu, 2002). Evliya \u00c7elebi Filibe\u2019deki medreselerden bahsederken \u201cUlu C\u00e2mi\u2019de \u015eeyhul-Kurra Gazzazz\u00e2de, Kuran\u2019\u0131 yedi okunu\u015f tarz\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00f6\u011fretir \u015eahabeddin Pa\u015fa D\u00fcr\u00fcl-Kurra\u2019s\u0131 da g\u00fcnl\u00fck okutur\u201d demektedir (\u00c7elebi, 1970, c. 3). Bu medreseler umumiyetle imam, m\u00fcezzin gibi cami ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak hizmetlileri yeti\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla tesis edilmi\u015flerdir. 2. Bulgaristan\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 sonras\u0131 Din E\u011fitimi Osmanl\u0131 Bulgaristan\u2019dan \u00e7ekilmesinden sonra ard\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk kitle b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu topraklarda kalan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n din\u00ee ve mill\u00ee kimliklerini koruma ve geli\u015ftirmesiyle ilgili hususlar uluslararas\u0131 anla\u015fmalar ve iki devlet aras\u0131nda imzalanan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle teminat alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Din e\u011fitimi g\u00f6rme, insan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli haklar\u0131ndan biri olarak de\u011fi\u015fik anla\u015fma ve kanun\u00ee d\u00fczenlemelerde ele al\u0131n\u0131p de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee e\u011fitim, Maarif\/E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n nezaretinde ilk y\u0131llarda B\u00f6lge M\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin, 1910 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren ise ayn\u0131 y\u0131l kurulan Bulgaristan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 Ba\u015fm\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn yetkisine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u015eim\u015fir, 1986). Yukar\u0131da belirtilen anla\u015fma ve kanun\u00ee d\u00fczenlemeler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde Ba\u015fm\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fck kurumunun ve halk\u0131n kendi gayretleriyle Bulgaristan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 130 y\u0131l boyunca \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee e\u011fitim g\u00f6rme hakk\u0131ndan yararlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca birka\u00e7 sebepten dolay\u0131 1877-1878 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaOsmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 esnas\u0131nda ve daha sonra bir-iki y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde Bulgaristan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitim sistemi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir buhran ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mevzu bahis y\u0131llarda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk toplulu\u011funun din\u00ee ve fikr\u00ee \u00f6nc\u00fcleri Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f, okul binalar\u0131 harap veya gasp edilmi\u015f, okullar\u0131n ana mal\u00ee kayna\u011f\u0131 olanvak\u0131f mallar\u0131 talan edilmesi ve hay\u0131rsever e\u015fr\u00e2f\u0131n\/zenginlerin yuvalar\u0131n\u0131 terk etmek zorunda kalmas\u0131 sebebiyle madd\u00ee destek asgar\u00eeye d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Ahmed, 2002, c.22). Yeni kurulan Bulgaristan devletindeki T\u00fcrkler ilim ve irfana verdikleri \u00f6nem sebebiyle bulunduklar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 olumsuz \u015fartlara ra\u011fmen, k\u0131sa bir zamanda bu buhranl\u0131 durumdan \u00e7\u0131kabilmenin \u00e7arelerini aramaya koyulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Belirli bir zaman i\u00e7inde eskiden var olan e\u011fitim sistemini yeni \u015fartlara g\u00f6re yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rarak az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi din ve din e\u011fitimi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kazanma ve gere\u011fince kullanma yolunda zorlu m\u00fccadelelerine ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bulgaristan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc geli\u015ftirme ve e\u011fitim-\u00f6\u011fretim alma haklar\u0131 hemen sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda akdedilen Ye\u015filk\u00f6y (Aya Stefanos) Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ve Berlin Anla\u015fmas\u0131 gibi uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle temin edilmekle beraber, 1879 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul edilen T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan da sabitlenmi\u015ftir. Ancak pratikte bir\u00e7ok sorun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Zira yeni kurulan Bulgar devletinin M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zme hususunda tecr\u00fcbesi ve haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoktur. Bundan dolay\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr konular\u0131nda bir anlamda kendi haline b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bulgar devletinin haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z olu\u015funu, tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Maarif Bakan\u0131 Konstantin \u0130re\u00e7ek\u2019in belirli bir d\u00f6nemde hem Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n, hem de \u015feriat\u0131n taleplerine uygun d\u00fc\u015fen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler bulabilecek yeterlilikte Fransa\u2019dan Cezayir as\u0131ll\u0131 bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman uzman\u0131 getirme y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki giri\u015fimi de g\u00f6stermektedir (\u041d\u0430\u0437\u044a\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430, 1999). \u00d6\u011fretim konusunda kendi haline b\u0131rak\u0131lan ve belirli bir ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa sahip olan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanT\u00fcrkler\u2019in e\u011fitim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda uygulanan ekonomik ve idar\u00ee bask\u0131 ile engellenmektedir. Mesel\u00e2, daha ilk kanun tasar\u0131lar\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman okullar\u0131 \u00f6zel stat\u00fcde de\u011ferlendirilmekte, ancak mal\u00ee g\u00fcvence olarak ana damar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan vak\u0131f mallar\u0131 istiml\u00e2k, gasp ve harape dilmektedir. Ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnek ise birtaraftan kanunlar\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman okullar\u0131nda Bulgar dilinin okutulmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmas\u0131, di\u011fer taraftan ise M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar aras\u0131ndan bu dersleri verebilecek \u00f6\u011fretmenler haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca sa\u011fl\u0131k kurumlar\u0131 birtak\u0131m hijyenik kurallara riayet edilmesini istemekte, fakat ayn\u0131 zamandaVidin, Samakov, Rus\u00e7uk, T\u0131rnova, Pravad\u0131 ve Sofya gibi \u015fehirlerde bulunan en g\u00fczel ve elveri\u015fli M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131na \u201ctoplum yarar\u0131na\u201d elkonmakta, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n istifade edemeyece\u011fi duruma getirilmektedir (\u041d\u0430\u0437\u044a\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430, 1999). Bulgaristan\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 sonras\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee e\u011fitim iki d\u00f6neme ayr\u0131labilir. Birinci d\u00f6nem sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan kalan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplulu\u011fun e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 yeni \u015fartlara gore olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ve yap\u0131land\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llard\u0131r (1878-1910). \u0130kinci d\u00f6nem ise lise ve y\u00fcksek okul d\u00fczeyinde \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee e\u011fitim veren Medreset\u00fc\u2019n-N\u00fcvvab\u2019\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee e\u011fitim sisteminin belirli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde oturdu\u011fu y\u0131llard\u0131r (1910- 1944). 3. \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee E\u011fitim Sistemini Yeniden Yap\u0131land\u0131rma D\u00f6nemi (1878-1910) Bulgaristan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131n din \u00f6\u011fretim ve e\u011fitimi, genel \u00f6\u011fretim ve e\u011fitimlerinin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Ele al\u0131nan d\u00f6nemde Bulgaristan\u2019da hem genel e\u011fitim, hem de \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n canland\u0131r\u0131larak yeni bir sistem kurma sanc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman dilimidir. Bu d\u00f6nemdeverilen din e\u011fitiminin portresini \u00e7\u0131karabilmek i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famal\u0131 bir sistem olarak ele almak gerekmektedir: \u0130lkokul, Ortaokul ve Medrese. 3.1. \u0130lkokullarda E\u011fitim \u00d6nceleri ilk\u00f6\u011fretim, \u201cs\u0131byan mekteplerinde\u201d yap\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ise \u201cibtidaiyye\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan ilkokullarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Celil,1928). M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ikamet etti\u011fi her yerle\u015fim yerinde bu t\u00fcr dokullar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Dersler genellikle okulda, cami odalar\u0131nda veya hocan\u0131n evinde yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011funlukla \u00f6\u011fretmen ayn\u0131 k\u00f6y\u00fcn imam\u0131 ve hatibidir. \u00d6\u011fretim y\u0131l\u0131 Kas\u0131m\u2019dan May\u0131s\u2019a kadar s\u00fcrmektedir. Ayr\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar bulunmay\u0131p \u00f6\u011fretim hoca yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. \u00d6\u011fretmenin imam olmas\u0131 sebebiyle ders zaman\u0131 vakit namazlar\u0131na g\u00f6re ayarlanarak ya \u00f6\u011fle namaz\u0131na kadar ya da ikindi namaz\u0131na kadar devam etmektedir. Namaz vakti olunca \u00f6\u011frenciler hep birlikte \u201c\u00e2m\u00een\u201dler e\u015fli\u011finde il\u00e2his\u00f6yleyerek o g\u00fcnl\u00fck dersi noktalamaktad\u0131rlar (Ahmed, Kalem, 2002). \u0130lk y\u0131llarda okullardaki \u00f6\u011fretimin tamamen din\u00ee oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu okullarda sadece Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Kerim okuma, Arap\u00e7a yazma, temel din bilgileri (ilmihal) ve hendese \u00f6\u011fretilmektedir (\u0412\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432,1905). Ancak zamanla okul programlar\u0131na tedricen Bulgarca, m\u00fczik, T\u00fcrk tarihi, co\u011frafya, tarih ve tabiat bilgisi gibi dersler de konmu\u015ftur.Osmanl\u0131Rus Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonar ilk y\u0131llarda \u00e7ocuklar Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Kerim\u2019i okumay\u0131 ve yazmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmektedirler, bununla birlikte namaz\u0131n k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131nda l\u00e2z\u0131m olan k\u0131sa sureleri ve dualar\u0131 da ezberlemektedirler.Ayr\u0131ca iman\u0131n 6 \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 ve \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n 5 \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmekte ve abdest ve namaz gibi ibadetleri camide uygulamaktad\u0131rlar.Bu sayd\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendikten sonra \u00f6\u011frenciler \u201chatim duas\u0131\u201d yaparak \u00f6\u011frenimlerini tamamlam\u0131\u015f olmaktad\u0131rlar.\u00d6\u011fretim s\u00fcresi kesin bir \u015fekilde belirlenmemi\u015ftirve program\u0131n mahiyeti ve ders saatleri adedini hocalar belirlemektedir. Ancak XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131yla ve XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda ortak bir program aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve bunun neticesinde 1904\/1905 \u00f6\u011fretim y\u0131l\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a d\u00fczg\u00fcn ve ortak say\u0131labilecek bir program haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle 1906 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bulgaristan Muallim\u00een-i \u0130sl\u00e2miyye Cemiyet-i \u0130ttih\u00e2diyyesi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra ortak program takip etmeye \u00f6nem verilmi\u015f, fakat bu konuda her zaman ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ortak m\u00fcfredat a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 1904\/1905 \u00f6\u011fretim y\u0131l\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan program\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurdu\u011fumuzda, Rus\u00e7uk b\u00f6lgesinde haftada toplam 19 saat (\u0406\u0406. s\u0131n\u0131fta \u2013 8 saat, \u0406\u0406\u0406. \u2013 9, \u0406V. \u2013 2) din bilgisi, Razgrad b\u00f6lgesinde ise toplam 16 saat (\u0406. s\u0131n\u0131fta \u2013 3 saat, \u0406\u0406. \u2013 6, \u0406\u0406\u0406. \u2013 5, \u0406V. \u2013 2) din bilgisi okutuldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz (Memi\u015fo\u011flu, 2002). M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ilkokullar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretmenler \u00e7ok nadiren (e\u011fer yerle\u015fim yerinin vak\u0131f gelirleri bulunursa) maa\u015f almaktad\u0131r, sosyal g\u00fcvence ise kesinlikle bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Fakat \u00f6\u011frencilerin velileri hocan\u0131n hakk\u0131n\u0131 vermede son derece ciddiyetle hareket etmektedirler.\u201cMektebe ba\u015flama\u201d, \u201cC\u00fcz\u00fc bitirme\u201d, \u201cHatmetme\u201d gibi de\u011fi\u015fik vesilelerle \u00f6\u011fretmenlere hediyeler vermektedirler.Bu hediye ve \u00f6demeler \u00e7o\u011funlukla ayn\u00ee olarak verilmektedir. Hatta baz\u0131 durumlarda \u00f6\u011frenci velileri, bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demek i\u00e7in hocan\u0131n i\u015flerini yapmaktad\u0131rlar (\u0412\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432, 1905). 3.2. Ortaokullarda E\u011fitim Bulgaristan e\u011fitim tarihinde r\u00fc\u015fdiyeler, \u00f6nceleri 4 y\u0131ll\u0131k daha sonralar\u0131 ise 3 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131f sistemine g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmi\u015flerdir ve ortaokul seviyesinde e\u011fitim veren okullard\u0131r. Rus-T\u00fcrk Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 ilk birka\u00e7 y\u0131lda sadece baz\u0131 merkez\u00ee \u015fehirlerde r\u00fc\u015fdiye okulu kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak 80\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ortas\u0131nda bu t\u00fcrden okullar ba\u015fka yerle\u015fimlerde de a\u00e7\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlileri \u015eumnu, Varna ve Filibe r\u00fc\u015fdiyeleridir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc oralarda pedagojik formasyon sahibi, \u0130stanbul\u2019da D\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019l-Muallim\u00eeni bitirmi\u015f \u00f6\u011fretmenler g\u00f6rev yapmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 okulda bir\u00e7ok tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f e\u011fitimci ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6nderi yeti\u015fmi\u015ftir. S\u0131n\u0131f tertibi ve m\u00fcfredat a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan mesel\u00e2 Filibe k\u0131z ve erkek r\u00fc\u015fdiyelerinde \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee \u00f6\u011fretimin temeli ayn\u0131 olmak beraber biraz farklar da mevcuttur. K\u0131z r\u00fc\u015fdiyesi \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131kt\u0131r, her \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131fta Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Kerim, din bilgisi (ilmihal) ve Arap\u00e7a, 1. ve 3. s\u0131n\u0131flarda ise \u0130sl\u00e2m tarihi okutulmaktad\u0131r. Erkek r\u00fc\u015fdiyesinde \u00f6\u011fretim s\u00fcresi d\u00f6rt y\u0131ld\u0131r, Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Kerim sadece 1. s\u0131n\u0131fta, din bilgisi her d\u00f6rt s\u0131n\u0131fta okutulmakta olup son s\u0131n\u0131fta akaid g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca d\u00f6rt y\u0131l boyunca Arap\u00e7a ve iki y\u0131l \u0130sl\u00e2m Tarihi okutulmaktad\u0131r (Keskio\u011flu, 1985). 3.3. Medreselerde E\u011fitim Yeni Bulgar devletinde medreselerin kendilerine has birtak\u0131m \u00f6zellikleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. Onlar Osmanl\u0131 medreselerinin devam\u0131 olmakla birlikte, art\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n denetimi alt\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca 1910 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Ba\u015f m\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fck makam\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in medreselerin denetimi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Medreseler belirli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde B\u00f6lge M\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fckleri taraf\u0131ndan denetlenmektedir. Bulgaristan medreselerinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6zellikleri, sadece din derslerinin okunmas\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla tek m\u00fcderrisin g\u00f6rev yapmas\u0131d\u0131r, bir medresede iki hocan\u0131n g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar yok denecek kadar azd\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn medreseler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olup ortak bir program takip edilmemekte ve uygulanan program tamamen hocan\u0131n bilgi ve becerisine ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmaktad\u0131r. Prensipte medrese e\u011fitimi ilkokuldan sonra ba\u015flamakta ve e\u011fitim s\u00fcresi d\u00f6rt-be\u015f y\u0131l s\u00fcrmektedir, ancak baz\u0131lar\u0131nda bu s\u00fcre daha da uzamaktad\u0131r.Ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z d\u00f6nemde Bulgaristan medreselerinin e\u011fitim seviyeleri \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.Bu medreselerden mezun olanlar\u0131n daha sonra y\u0131llarca \u0130stanbul medreselerinde \u00f6\u011frenimlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeleri bunun en a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6stergesidir. Medreselerin ama\u00e7lar\u0131, arzu edenlere daha geni\u015f din\u00ee bilgiler vermek ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n imam, hatip ve vaiz gibi din\u00ee kadro ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamakt\u0131r. Ba\u015fka yeti\u015fkin eleman bulunmamas\u0131 sebebiyle medrese mezunlar\u0131 y\u0131llar boyu ilkokullarda \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapma imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip olmu\u015flard\u0131r.\u0130statistiklere g\u00f6re, 1904\/1905 \u00f6\u011fretim y\u0131l\u0131nda Bulgaristan i\u00e7inde bulunan 1460 ilkokul \u00f6\u011fretmeninin 565\u2019i medreselidir (Memi\u015fo\u011flu, 2002). Ayr\u0131ca Bulgar devleti medrese mezunlar\u0131na g\u00f6rev yapmalar\u0131 durumunda baz\u0131 imtiyazlar tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f ve onlar\u0131 askerlikten muaf tutmu\u015ftur. Bulgaristan e\u011fitim tarihi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, 1878-1885 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki yerle\u015fim yerlerinde medreseler bulunmaktad\u0131r: Varna, Hac\u0131o\u011flu Pazarc\u0131\u011f\u0131, Pravad\u0131, Bal\u00e7\u0131k, \u015eumnu, Silistre, Eski Cuma, Osman Pazar\u0131, Rus\u00e7uk, Razgrad, Turtrakan, V\u0131rbovka, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kokarca (Ahmed, Kalem,2002). Fakat ba\u015fka yerle\u015fimlerde de medreselerin olabilece\u011fi ihtimal d\u00e2hilindedir. 4. \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee E\u011fitim Sisteminin Belirli \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcde Oturdu\u011fu D\u00f6nem (1910-1944) Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Aleksand\u0131r Stamboliyski\u2019nin iktidara gelmesiyle M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar genel e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok kazan\u0131m elde etmi\u015flerdir (\u042f\u043b\u044a\u043c\u043e\u0432, 2002). Bu kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n etkisi \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee e\u011fitim hususunda da hissedilmi\u015ftir. Maari Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1920 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman okullara m\u00fcfetti\u015f tayin etmi\u015f ve ilkokul programlar\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015ftirilmesi yoluna gidilmi\u015ftir. Bu ortak programda d\u00f6rt s\u0131n\u0131fta haftal\u0131k Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Kerim dersi toplam 15 saat (\u0406\u0406. s\u0131n\u0131fta \u2013 4 saat, \u0406\u0406\u0406. \u2013 6, \u0406V. \u2013 5) ve din bilgisi dersi toplam 7 saat (\u0406. s\u0131n\u0131fta \u2013 1 saat, \u0406\u0406. \u2013 2, \u0406\u0406\u0406. \u2013 2, \u0406V. \u2013 2) olarak yer almaktad\u0131r (Keskio\u011flu, 1985, s.67). Ayn\u0131 zamanda Bulgaristan Muallim\u00een-i \u0130sl\u00e2miyye Cemiyet-i \u0130ttih\u00e2diyyesi\u2019nin gayretleriyle bir\u00e7ok ders kitab\u0131 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f, ilkokullar i\u00e7in Ahmed \u0130hsan ve Osman Nuri (Peremeci) taraf\u0131ndan din bilgisi kitaplar\u0131 yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Memi\u015fo\u011flu, 2002). Baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle tabi olmakla beraber bu program 9 Eyl\u00fcl 1944 tarihinde ge\u00e7ilen yeni siyasi d\u00fczene kadar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yeni program ve ona uygun ders kitaplar\u0131 haz\u0131rlamak \u00fczere 1936 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ba\u015fm\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn denetiminde bir komisyon kurulmu\u015ftur. O s\u0131ralarda Ba\u015fm\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fck nezdinde yeni kurulan Din E\u011fitim M\u00fcfetti\u015fli\u011fi M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc ve eski Ba\u015fm\u00fcft\u00fc H\u00fcseyin H\u00fcsn\u00fc ile S\u00fcleyman S\u0131rr\u0131, H\u00e2f\u0131z Nazif Osman, H\u00e2f\u0131z Yusuf Yakub, E\u011fridereli Hasan Sabri ve Mehmed Fikri gibi de\u011ferli ilahiyat\u00e7\u0131 ve pedagoglardan olu\u015fan bu komisyonun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 neticesinde yeni bir program haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve kitaplar\u0131n yaz\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Siyasi sebeplerle a\u00e7\u0131lan Din E\u011fitim M\u00fcfetti\u015fli\u011fi yine ayn\u0131 sebepler y\u00fcz\u00fcnden 1937 y\u0131l\u0131nda kapat\u0131l\u0131nca uzun y\u0131llar ask\u0131ya al\u0131nan T\u00fcrk Okullar\u0131 M\u00fcfetti\u015fli\u011fi yeniden canland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ba\u015f\u0131na da T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimini engelleme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck gayretler sarf etmi\u015f olan Dimit\u0131r Ne\u015fev getirilmi\u015ftir. Onun zaman\u0131nda daha \u00f6nce haz\u0131rlanan program g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilerek M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ibtid\u00e2iye ve r\u00fc\u015fdiye okullar\u0131 program\u0131 olarak kabul ve il\u00e2n edilmi\u015ftir (Medeniyet, 1936,s.101,s.1). Bu programda 1940 ve 1943 y\u0131llar\u0131nda birka\u00e7 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bakanl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan onaylanan programda \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee dersler \u015fu \u015fekildedir: \u0130lkokullarda haftal\u0131k toplam 8 saat din bilgisi (\u0406. s\u0131n\u0131fta \u2013 2 saat, \u0406\u0406. \u2013 2, \u0406\u0406\u0406. \u2013 2, \u0406V. \u2013 2) ve toplam 12 saat Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Kerim (\u0406\u0406. s\u0131n\u0131fta \u2013 4 saat, \u0406\u0406\u0406. \u2013 4, \u0406V. \u2013 4). Ortaokullarda haftal\u0131k toplam 6 saat din bilgisi (\u0406. s\u0131n\u0131fta \u2013 2, \u0406\u0406. \u2013 2, \u0406\u0406\u0406. \u2013 2) ve toplam 8 saat Kur\u2019\u00e2n-\u0131 Kerim (\u0406. s\u0131n\u0131fta \u2013 3, \u0406\u0406. \u2013 3, \u0406\u0406\u0406. \u2013 2) (Medeniyet, 1937). Aleksand\u0131r Stamboliyski d\u00f6neminde Bulgaristan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitim hizmetleri i\u00e7in ilk defa ortaokul seviyesi \u00fczerinde okul a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bunlar \u015eumnu\u2019daki D\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019l-Muallim\u00een ve Medreset\u00fc\u2019nN\u00fcvvab\u2019t\u0131r. D\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019l-Muallim\u00een veya tam ad\u0131yla Devlet T\u00fcrk D\u00e2r\u00fc\u2019l-Muallim\u00eeni, M\u00fcsl\u00fcm anokullar\u0131na \u00f6\u011fretmen haz\u0131rlama amac\u0131yla 1918 y\u0131l\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Tatarl\u0131, 1995). Ancak 10 y\u0131l faaliyet g\u00f6sterebilen okulun program\u0131nda bu sebepten dolay\u0131 din dersleri de vard\u0131r. Bu dersleri d\u00f6nemin en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ilahiyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan Emrullah Feyzullah Efendi, H\u00e2f\u0131z Emin Zarif\u00ee veYusuf Ziy\u00e2eddin Ezher\u00ee gibi \u00e2limler okutmu\u015flard\u0131r. Okul program\u0131nda din bilgisi dersi d\u00e2hilinde ibadetler ve akaid b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri verilmi\u015ftir (Keskio\u011flu, 1986). Yine bu d\u00f6nemde \u015eumnu\u2019da 1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda me\u015fhur Medreset\u00fc\u2019n-N\u00fcvvab a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 sonras\u0131 Bulgaristan medreselerinin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve bulunduklar\u0131 yerleri 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llara kadar tespit etmek olduk\u00e7a zordur. Bumedreselerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Medreset\u00fc\u2019nN\u00fcvvab\u2019\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihe kadar, hatta ondan sonra birka\u00e7 y\u0131l daha faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. Medreselerle ilgili portrenin biraz daha netle\u015fmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tablo \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
SONU\u00c7 <\/strong><\/p>\n Evliya \u00c7elebiden ba\u015flayarak bir\u00e7ok \u00e2limin Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Bulgaristan\u2019da faaliyet g\u00f6steren \u0130sl\u00e2m e\u011fitimi kurumlar\u0131 hak\u0131nda verdikleri malumat derlenmi\u015f ve k\u0131saca verilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Osmanl\u0131-Rus harbinden Bulgaristan Ba\u015fm\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kurulu\u015funa kadar temel \u0130sl\u00e2m e\u011fitimi kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fm\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kurulmas\u0131ndan itibaren merkezile\u015fen \u0130sl\u00e2m e\u011fitimi kurumlar\u0131 denetimi ve geli\u015ftirilen ortak m\u00fcfredat detayl\u0131 \u015fekilde tarif edilmi\u015ftir. Farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde \u0130sl\u00e2m e\u011fitimi kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n isimleri nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi verilmi\u015ftir. Bulgaristan topraklar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetinden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla \u0130sl\u00e2m e\u011fitimi kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 nas\u0131l sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 arzedilmi\u015ftir. Yeni Bulgar devletinde M\u00fcslamanlar\u0131n e\u011fitim hakk\u0131na nas\u0131l m\u00fcdahale edildi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Bulgaristan\u2019da yeti\u015fen bir\u00e7ok \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2liminin isimleri zikredilmi\u015f ve ba\u011fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 kurumlar belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>