Nevzat \u00d6ZT\u00dcRK
\n\u0130lahiyat\u00e7\u0131, E\u011fitimci Yazar<\/p>\n
Arap\u00e7a\u2019da \u201c\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yer\u201d anlam\u0131nda kabr (\u00e7o\u011fulu kub\u00fbr), \u201ckabirlerin bulundu\u011fu yer\u201d kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda makber veya makbere (\u00e7o\u011fulu mekabir) kelimeleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019de kabirle e\u015f anlaml\u0131 olan mez\u00e2r ise kelimenin k\u00f6k anlam\u0131yla da irtibatl\u0131 olarak \u00f6zellikle ziyaret edilen \u00f6nemli ki\u015filerin kabirlerini (ziyaretg\u00e2h) ifade eder.<\/p>\n
\u0130sl\u00e2m \u00f6ncesi dinlerde, \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra bedenler zamana ve co\u011frafyaya g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fik \u015fekillerde defnedilmi\u015ftir. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda cesetlere ne gibi i\u015flemler yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusundaki bilgiler k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Kabir uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k, bilinmeyenden korkma gibi sebeplerden dolay\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fc bedenden uzakla\u015fma ve cesedi koruma arzusuyla ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00fcm fikrindeki tarih\u00ee de\u011fi\u015fimlere paralel olarak her din, gerek mimari a\u00e7\u0131dan gerekse onun etraf\u0131nda \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc inan\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kabre farkl\u0131 de\u011ferler y\u00fcklemi\u015ftir.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Tarih \u00f6ncesi topluluklar\u0131n ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde mevcut baz\u0131 iptidai k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin \u00f6l\u00fc g\u00f6mme \u00e2detleri ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130ptidai k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde muhtemelen hastal\u0131k yayaca\u011f\u0131 kayg\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcm gibi tabiat \u00fcst\u00fc bir fenomeni ima etti\u011finden dolay\u0131 genellikle tabu olarak kabul edilen cesetlerin korunmas\u0131 ve ya\u015fayanlardan uzak tutulmas\u0131 \u00f6zel bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131makta, bu sebeple baz\u0131 durumlarda ceset yerle\u015fim alan\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na, defnedilmeden at\u0131lmakta, a\u011fa\u00e7lara as\u0131lmakta veya suya b\u0131rak\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Di\u011fer taraftan kaba ta\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan insanlar\u0131n ayaklar\u0131 kar\u0131na \u00e7ekilmi\u015f vaziyette ve \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fcnl\u00fck kullan\u0131m e\u015fyalar\u0131yla birlikte kabirlere g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fckleri, baz\u0131 merkezlerde insanlar\u0131n evlerde zemine a\u00e7\u0131lan \u00e7ukurlara, bazen de kilden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir k\u00fcpe konarak defnedildikleri bilinmektedir. Eski Hint-Avrupa k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinde ise cesetler yak\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra k\u00fclleri ya kutsal kabul edilen nehirlere b\u0131rak\u0131lmakta veya bir kaba konularak saklanmakta ya da kapla birlikte topra\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fclmektedir. Her \u015feye ra\u011fmen yayg\u0131n uygulama, cesetleri topra\u011fa \u00e7ukur a\u00e7\u0131larak olu\u015fturulan kabirlere g\u00f6mme \u015feklinde olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Yahudilik\u2019te kabir anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendiren ana tema \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ki\u015finin veya cesedin \u201ckirli\u201d oldu\u011fu \u015feklindeki inan\u00e7t\u0131r; bu kirlenmenin sebebi ise art\u0131k ruhun bedeni terketmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ruhsuz beden et y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131d\u0131r ve bir an evvel terkedilmeli veya toplulu\u011fun ya\u015fayan \u00fcyelerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong> (Levililer, 21\/1; Say\u0131lar, 6\/6; 19\/13). Yahudi inan\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00f6lme s\u00fcrecine giren ki\u015fi yaln\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131lmaz, yan\u0131nda gereksiz \u015feyler konu\u015fulmaz, \u00f6l\u00fcm ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeden cenaze haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 yap\u0131lmaz. Ceset, hemcinsleri taraf\u0131ndan belli kurallar g\u00f6zetilerek y\u0131kand\u0131ktan sonra k\u0131llar, t\u0131rnaklar kesilir, g\u00f6z ve a\u011f\u0131z kapat\u0131l\u0131r. Yahudili\u011fin erken d\u00f6nemlerinde \u00f6l\u00fcyle birlikte giyim ve s\u00fcs e\u015fyalar\u0131 da g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc; ancak bu durum sonralar\u0131 \u00a0ho\u015f kar\u015f\u0131lanmam\u0131\u015f, mil\u00e2d\u00ee d\u00f6nemlere do\u011fru kefenleme gelene\u011fi yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fczel kokular s\u00fcr\u00fclen ceset beyaz bezden yap\u0131lan kefenlerle sar\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Erken zamanlarda ceset kam\u0131\u015flardan yap\u0131lan bir \u00f6rt\u00fc \u00fczerine yat\u0131r\u0131larak g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi tabut i\u00e7inde de defnedilmi\u015f (Tekv\u00een, 50\/26), zamanla bu gelenek yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130srail\u2019de ve Do\u011fu \u00fclkelerinde bu uygulamadan vazge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Definde dikkat edilmesi gereken en \u00f6nemli husus cesedin toprakla tamamen \u00f6rt\u00fclmesidir. \u0130sr\u00e2ilo\u011fullar\u0131, mil\u00e2ttan \u00f6nce iki binli y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda kabirlerini toprak i\u00e7ine veya kayalara oymak suretiyle \u015fehir d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r; mesel\u00e2 \u0130br\u00e2n\u00ee \u201catalar\u201d daha \u00e7ok kaya kabirlerine g\u00f6m\u00fclmeyi tercih etmi\u015flerdir (Tekv\u00een, 23\/9; 25\/9; 49\/30; 50\/13).<\/p>