{"id":35688,"date":"2019-04-17T00:53:08","date_gmt":"2019-04-16T21:53:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/?p=35688"},"modified":"2019-04-23T22:02:24","modified_gmt":"2019-04-23T19:02:24","slug":"tirnova-anayasasinin-ic-ice-orulmus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/tirnova-anayasasinin-ic-ice-orulmus\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131n&#8217;da \u0130\u00e7 \u0130\u00e7e \u00d6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131n&#8217;da \u0130\u00e7 <\/strong>\u0130\u00e7e<strong> \u00d6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u201cAvro-Atlantik\u201d Tarih<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tarih: 17 Nisan 2019<br \/>\n\u00c7eviri: Av. Seniha Rasim SABR\u0130<br \/>\nYazan: Prof. Stefan De\u00e7ev<br \/>\nKaynak: Marginal\u0131ya.bg \u2013 Bulgaristan<br \/>\nKonu: <strong>Birinci Bulgar Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kabul edilmesinin 140. Y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>15 Nisan 2019 tarihinde Veliko T\u0131rnova kentinde ilk Bulgar Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 140. Y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc kutlamalar\u0131 d\u00fczenlendi.<\/p>\n<p><em>Tarih\u00e7i Stefan De\u00e7ev, \u201c<strong>Tarihten Notlar<\/strong>\u201d\u00a0 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde g\u00fcncel, akt\u00fcel ve devam eden konular\u0131, onlar\u0131n kahramanlar\u0131n\u0131 da konuya katarak i\u015fleyen bir yazar\u0131m\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, o 140. Y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc and\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z T\u0131rnova\u00a0 Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6zel problemlerini ele al\u0131yor. O, anayasay\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 planda ve ger\u00e7ek bir derinlikte irdelemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n tarihi bir\u00e7ok konuyla i\u00e7 i\u00e7edir, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel transferlerle ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r, bir\u00e7ok fikir, ideoloji ve kurum,\u00a0 ev ortam\u0131nda ahenk bulmas\u0131na u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bi\u00e7imsel de\u011fi\u015fiklikler aranm\u0131\u015f, bilin\u00e7li se\u00e7im yap\u0131larak <\/em><em>Bulgar ortam\u0131na uydurulmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n<p>Bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce, \u201c<strong>K\u00fclt\u00fcrde Reform<\/strong>\u201d hareketinin davetlisi olarak bir yaz\u0131 yazarak, sivil yurtseverli\u011fe ve anayasaya dayanan, yeni tarih \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn nas\u0131l olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Bu yaz\u0131mda, \u201c<strong>ulusal tarihimiz<\/strong>\u201d ile ilgili \u015fimdiye kadar ge\u00e7erli olan anlay\u0131\u015fa son verilmesi; Orta \u00c7a\u011f devletlerinin Orta \u00c7a\u011fda b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131; <strong>etnik sorunlar\u0131n ve millet olu\u015fumun ba\u015fka bir a\u00e7\u0131dan ele al\u0131nmas\u0131<\/strong>; \u201c<strong>ulusal tarihi<\/strong>\u201d bi\u00e7imlendirip onu \u00e7arp\u0131tan bir ideoloji olu\u015fturan, karma\u015f\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ke\u015fmeke\u015fe \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutulmas\u0131; \u00fclkemizdeki az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n ve di\u011fer etnik, din, dil, k\u00fclt\u00fcr v.b. topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n hepsinin \u201c<strong>tarihinin<\/strong>\u201d dinlenmesi, de\u011ferlendirilmesi ve bunlara tarih eserlerinde yer verilmesi gerekti\u011fine i\u015faret etmi\u015ftim. Bulgar tarihi, y\u0131llardan beri kendi enstit\u00fclerinde bu de\u011ferlere tam\u0131 tam\u0131na ters olan de\u011ferler toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, asl\u0131nda \u201centelekt\u00fcel bozuntusu s\u00fcrg\u00fcnden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmayan\u201d, \u201cutan\u00e7 veren\u201d koku\u015fmu\u015f bir hicviyeden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de olmayan \u201c<strong><em>profesyonel \u00e7evreler<\/em><\/strong>\u201d beklenen karalamalar\u0131n\u0131 gecikmeden yaratt\u0131la\u2026<\/p><div id=\"bghab-1332596652\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>Ben bu yaz\u0131mda, fikirlerimin k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetle kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 deneyimine ve ayn\u0131 zamanda belirli bir zaman \u00f6nce Mariya Todorova ve Diana Mi\u015fkova taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen baz\u0131 fikirlere de\u011finmek istiyorum. Do\u00e7. Valeri Kolev \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/p>\n<p>\u201c<em>Bundan 10 y\u0131ldan daha uzun bir zaman kesimi \u00f6ncesi, <strong>Doktor Honaris Causa<\/strong> ile \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilmesi vesilesiyle d\u00fczenlenen akademik t\u00f6rende yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmas\u0131nda Prof. <strong>Mariya Todorova<\/strong> esasl\u0131 kaynaklara dayanarak, Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n \u201cAvrupa\u201ddan manevi a\u00e7\u0131dan ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Frans\u0131z Devrimi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini benimsemede geri kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131n\u0131 \u201cPayisiy Hilendarski bu devrimden \u00f6nce vard\u0131\u201d s\u00f6zleriyle tuzla buz etmi\u015fti.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Bu konuda yaz\u0131ma nereden ba\u015flamam gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Bu konu\u015fma yap\u0131l\u0131rken ben de orada bulundum. Ve bu, \u00f6yle konu\u015fay\u0131m ve (Sofya \u00dcniversitesi y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yay\u0131nlans\u0131n) anlam\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f)bir konu\u015fma de\u011fildi. Bu, Prof. Mariya Todorova\u2019n\u0131n \u201c<strong>Slavic Review<\/strong>\u201d dergisinde 2005\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kan uzunca bir yaz\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u015fekli 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya\u2019da Leipzig \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde bir konferansta sunulmu\u015ftur. Yazar\u0131n itirafta bulundu\u011funa g\u00f6re, el yaz\u0131s\u0131 olarak birinci \u015fekli, 2003 ve 2004 ders y\u0131l\u0131nda Urbana \u015eampeyn\u2019de \u0130lenoys \u00dcniversitesinde modernli\u011fe adanana bir seminerde tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dergide bundan s\u00f6z edilmese de,\u00a0 M. Todorova Sofya \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde d\u00fczenlenen \u00f6d\u00fcl sunma t\u00f6reninde bu el yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir \u015feklini okumu\u015ftur. Yaz\u0131 \u00f6nce \u201c<em>Kultura<\/em>\u201d (K\u00fclt\u00fcr) gazetesinde \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve internet ortam\u0131nda bulunabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu yazd\u0131klar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar de\u011fildir. Burada \u00f6nemli olan bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ncelikle bir Bulgaristan d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve Balkanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir akademik toplulukta tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Hem Bulgar hem de Bat\u0131l\u0131 bir kitleye sunum yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaten anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Biz Bulgarca varyant\u0131nda \u201c<em>bir Bulgar milli hareketi ve onun sert bir bi\u00e7imde bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d anlat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 okurken, \u0130ngiliz varyasyonunda \u201c<em>Bulgar milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi ve k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6\u00e7 alma sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6z edildi\u011fini okuyoruz.<\/p>\n<p>Biz \u015fimdi Paisiy Hilendarski\u2019nin moderniz mini ve onun \u201c<em>tesirini<\/em>\u201d veya etkileyi\u015fini bir yana b\u0131rakal\u0131m. Bu konuda Todorova\u2019n\u0131n tezi \u015fudur: \u201cMilliyet\u00e7ilik, end\u00fcstrile\u015fme ve madencilik v.b. bunlar gibi fenomenlerle ilgili benzeri olu\u015fturulmu\u015f veya dikkate al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f, cinsinden olan ve bir\u00e7ok Do\u011fu Avrupal\u0131 tarih bilgini taraf\u0131ndan da kabul edilmi\u015f bulunan, evrim paradigmas\u0131 tasavvurunu kabul edemeyiz.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-3778003392\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-10-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>Todorova, \u201cBat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n taklit edilmesi gereken bir \u00f6rnek\u201d oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lm\u0131yor. Modernizasyonla ilgili de \u201czaman\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kovalamaca\u201d oldu\u011funu da payla\u015fm\u0131yor. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla beliren ve bir Bat\u0131 duyumsamas\u0131 olmayan \u201ceksiklik hissetme\u201d payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da payla\u015fm\u0131yor. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri a\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Todorova, insan toplumunun temelde ayn\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00e7\u0131kartmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek, olaylar\u0131n sadece uzun bir zaman kesimi i\u00e7inde (e\u015fzamanl\u0131 olma) senkron geli\u015fti\u011fine i\u015faret ediyor. Bunun dayan\u0131kl\u0131 bir evrim olu\u015funa vurgu yap\u0131yor.<\/p>\n<p>Bu konudaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, M. Verner ve B. Cimerman gibi yazarlar\u0131 daha 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda ge\u00e7mi\u015fle ilgili ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda ulus \u00f6tesi (trans milli) ger\u00e7ek derinlik aramaya sevk etti ve yazd\u0131klar\u0131 eserlerde \u201c<strong><em>i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f tarihler<\/em><\/strong>\u201d kavram\u0131na yer verdiler.. Balkanlar\u0131n, Ak Deniz b\u00f6lgesi ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu tarihi \u00fcst\u00fcne yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok de\u011ferli sonu\u00e7lar verdi.<\/p>\n<p>Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f al\u0131\u015f veri\u015finde Do\u00e7. \u00a0Kolev\u2019in \u00f6rnekleri <strong>T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131<\/strong>\u2019na ili\u015fkindir. O, \u00f6nce, T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131 haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken, \u00f6rnek al\u0131nan Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n bir Bel\u00e7ika Anayasas\u0131 olmay\u0131p Romanya Anayasas\u0131 oldu\u011funu iddia eden D. Mikova\u2019n\u0131n 20 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lara d\u00f6n\u00fcyor. \u0130lk \u00f6nce 16 Nisan 1879\u2019da kabul edilen T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir bo\u015f yerde bitmedi\u011fine i\u015faret edelim. Fakat Bulgar Prensli\u011fi Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Romanya Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n bir kopyas\u0131 oldu\u011funa kilitlenmek de yanl\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n<p>Modern anayasac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n temelleri 3 Eyl\u00fcl 1787\u2019de Amerikan Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kabul edilmesi i\u00e7in Filadelfiya\u2019da Toplanan Anayasa Konseyi ile 3 Eyl\u00fcl 1791\u2019de Frans\u0131z Devriminden sonra toplanan kurucu Meclis kararlar\u0131na dayan\u0131r. \u0130ktidar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctme, yasama ve yarg\u0131 olarak \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 Amerika Anayasas\u0131 getirmi\u015ftir. Birinci de\u011fi\u015fiklikte, vatanda\u015f haklar\u0131 &#8211; din \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, fikir, bas\u0131n yay\u0131n, itirazda bulunma ve sivil toplum \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinde te\u015fkilatlanma, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yarg\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 v.b. haklar s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ku\u015fkusuz bu yasa ve de\u011fi\u015fiklikler bo\u015f yere konmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n esas\u0131nda olan, 1776 tarihli Virjinya eyalet meclisinde kabul edilen Bildiri; 1689\u2019da kabul edilen \u0130ngiliz Haklar Yasas\u0131 ve hatta daha geri bir tarih olan 1215\u2019ten olan \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Y\u00fcce Bildirisidir. Bunlara,\u00a0 4 Temmuz 1776 tarihinde Konstinental Kurultay\u2019da kabul edilen Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Bildirisini de eklemek zorunday\u0131z. Ayr\u0131ca, bu fikirsel geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecine, Puritan m\u00fcltecilerle B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya\u2019dan gelen Con Lock\u2019un (1632-1704) felsefesine giren B\u0130REYSEL HAKLAR HUKUKU \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonraki geli\u015fmelerle 1791\u2019de\u00a0 Frans\u0131z Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Giri\u015finde i\u015flenen, \u0130nsan ve Vatanda\u015f Haklar\u0131 Bildirisinin birinci varyasyonunu haz\u0131rlarken, Amerikal\u0131 General George Washington\u2019un ordusunda bir g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olan Frans\u0131z Markiz Gilber de Fayette bireysel haklar hukukunu temel alacakt\u0131r. Bu bildiriyle insanl\u0131k tarihinde ilk defa olmak \u00fczere toplumun katmanlara b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi, mutlak monar\u015fi, din ve etnik nedenlerle ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken, ilk defa olmak \u00fczere din devletten ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve insan haklar\u0131 ilan edilmi\u015ftir. Bu Anayasan\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc uzun s\u00fcrmese de, onun i\u00e7erdi\u011fi ideler, ilkeler, tespitler, somut h\u00fck\u00fcmler daha sonraki y\u0131llarda ya\u015famaya devam etmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere yukar\u0131da i\u015faret edilen hususlar daha sonraki y\u0131llarda, 1814 ve 1930 Frans\u0131z Anayasas\u0131na, 1915 Hollanda Anayasas\u0131\u2019na, 1831 Bel\u00e7ika Anayasas\u0131\u2019na, bir\u00e7ok di\u011fer Avrupa devleti, Balkan \u00fclkeleri ve bu arada T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Modern Anayasalar\u0131n olu\u015fturucu unsurlar\u0131 olan halk egemenli\u011fi, erkin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi, monar\u015fi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131, bakanlar\u0131n sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131, parlamenteriz,\u00a0 \u00e7ok partililik, sivil haklar ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler, hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z yarg\u0131, halka a\u00e7\u0131k y\u00f6netim vb ilkeler T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131nda da yer bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>Ger\u00e7ekten de, T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131n\u0131 1864 Yunan Anayasas\u0131 ve 1866 Romanya Anayasas\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnde de pek \u00e7ok benzerlik bulunabilir.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-2332059435\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-15-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 60\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131ndan sonra, Yunan, Romen ve Bel\u00e7ika Anayasalar\u0131ndaki pek \u00e7ok ilke ve fikirler Bulgar politik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini tozla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ku\u015fkusuz, Balkan \u00fclkeleri anayasalar\u0131na direk kopyalanarak al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131nda bulunmadan, bu fikirlerin k\u00f6kleri 1791 Frans\u0131z Anayasas\u0131nda bulunabilir. Asl\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, sayfalar\u0131nda 1831 Bel\u00e7ika Anayasas\u0131 orijinal bir temel yasa de\u011fildir. 1791 Frans\u0131z, 1815 Hollanda anayasas\u0131ndan ve 1830 Frans\u0131z anayasal senedinden ve \u0130ngiliz hukukundan da pek \u00e7ok al\u0131nt\u0131 bulunabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Dahas\u0131 var: Bel\u00e7ika anayasas\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 temel hususlar ba\u015fka devletlerin anayasalar\u0131ndan bire bir al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olsa da, onun Avrupa hukuk sistemi i\u00e7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zelli\u011fi monar\u015fi kurumlar\u0131na m\u00fclkiyet s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 getirmek suretiyle onlar\u0131n halk egemenli\u011fi ile birlikte olmalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemesinde gizlidir. (Ne ki, Bulgar anayasas\u0131 kaleme al\u0131n\u0131rken bu hususa uyulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)\u00a0 B\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde Yunan ve Romanya anayasalar\u0131ndan al\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n fazla oldu\u011fu dikkati \u00e7ekse de, sivil haklar konusunda ana fikirlerin Bel\u00e7ika Anayasas\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ortadad\u0131r. Bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, sivil toplum haklar\u0131n\u0131n hukuksal haklar\u0131 konusunda da Bel\u00e7ika temel yasas\u0131n\u0131n etkisi ilk bak\u0131\u015fta g\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyor. Bel\u00e7ika ve Frans\u0131z anayasal etki unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n Yunan, Romen ve S\u0131rp Anayasalar\u0131 \u00fczerinden T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131na i\u015flendi\u011fi seziliyor. \u015eu da unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. 1791\u2019dee kabul edilen Frans\u0131z Anayasas\u0131 1831\u2019de kabul edilen Bel\u00e7ika ve 1849\u2019da kabul edilen Danimarka Anayasas\u0131ndan etkilenmi\u015ftir. 1866\u2019da onaylanan Romanya anayasas\u0131 ise Bel\u00e7ika anayasas\u0131na daha da yak\u0131nd\u0131r. T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131nda tabii ki, ba\u015fka kaynaklardan izler de bulunabilir. Bu konuda 1859 Romanya anayasa projelerine ve 1814 ve 1830 Frans\u0131z Anayasa Hartas\u0131na bak\u0131lmas\u0131 faydal\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Ne yaz\u0131k ki, daha St. Balamezov, ard\u0131ndan Kiril Blek de, T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131nda \u00e7ok ciddi iki eksik oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ettiler. Anlam\u0131nda, her iktidar\u0131n halktan g\u00fc\u00e7 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan, halk egemenli\u011fi konusunun sonuna kadar i\u015flenmemi\u015f olmas\u0131, birinci eksik olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Anayasa\u2019ya bir madde olarak giren, \u00c7ar\u0131n, anayasada tan\u0131nan iktidardan fazla iktidar sahibi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ikincisidir. Ba\u015fka bir \u00f6zellikse,\u00a0 Bel\u00e7ika, Yunanistan ve Romanya anayasalar\u0131 i\u00e7in karakteristik olan, \u00c7ar olmadan meclisi toplama olana\u011f\u0131 olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bel\u00e7ika anayasas\u0131 meclise \u00c7ar\u0131n emri olmadan toplanma hakk\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu 1791 Frans\u0131z Anayasas\u0131\u2019ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Yap\u0131sal k\u0131yaslama yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda T\u0131rnovo anayasas\u0131n\u0131n Romanya Anayasas\u0131na en yak\u0131n oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. \u00d6rne\u011fin mecburi ve bedava e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fretim ilkesi oradan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Bununla birlikte farklar da dikkati \u00e7ekiyor. St. Belemezov\u2019un da vaktiyle i\u015faret etti\u011fi \u00fczere, 1869 S\u0131rp Anayasas\u0131ndan al\u0131nan \u201c<em>ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler<\/em>\u201d maddesi T\u0131rnovo Anayasas\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, T\u0131rnovo Anayasas\u0131, Romanya anayasas\u0131ndan 2 kamaral\u0131 parlamento ve 2 dereceli se\u00e7imi almam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>1791 Frans\u0131z Anayasas\u0131 ile T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok benzerlikler bulmak kolayd\u0131r. Bu benzerliklere dayanarak, T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, 1860\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan sonraki Balkan \u00fclkeleri Anayasalar\u0131nda yer alan bir\u00e7ok ilke, h\u00fck\u00fcm ve maddenin temelleri 1791 Frans\u0131z Anayasas\u0131nda bulunur sonucunu kolayca \u00e7\u0131karabiliriz. Ne ki, bu ilke ve maddelerden bir\u00e7o\u011funun Frans\u0131z Anayasas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce de var oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rebiliyoruz. \u00d6rne\u011fin 13. as\u0131r \u0130ngiliz parlamenter prati\u011finden sonra. Burada, 1215 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler Hartas\u0131n\u0131, milletvekillerinin dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 16. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan milletvekillerinin fikir a\u00e7\u0131klama \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, 1779\u2019den Habeas Corpus Act\u2019\u0131 hat\u0131rlatabiliriz. Biz burada, Bulgar anayasas\u0131na olan etkinin yaln\u0131z Bel\u00e7ika anayasas\u0131ndan olmay\u0131p, B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya, Amerika ve Fransa\u2019dan geldi\u011fini ama Bel\u00e7ika \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7ti\u011fini ve Yunanistan ve Romanya\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Yani burada, politik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel anlamda \u201c<em>Avrupa ve Atlantik<\/em>\u201d sentezi oldu\u011funu ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bunu \u201c<strong><em>Br\u00fcksel\u201d<\/em><\/strong> etkisi olarak g\u00f6sterebilmemizin uygun oldu\u011funa vurgu yapabiliriz.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-4259490649\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-20-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>Bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce, \u0130van Stoyanov ile Petko Petkov, T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131ndaki pek \u00e7ok ilkesel konum ile somut h\u00fckm\u00fcn \u201c<strong>Bulgar Dirili\u015f Toplumu<\/strong>\u201d fikir ve de\u011ferlerini yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tezini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Yerine, Avrupa Atlantik politikas\u0131 fikrini ve anayasal prati\u011fini koyarak, ben bu fikri yeniden \u015fekillendirmek istiyorum. Ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerin anayasalar\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131p \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131larak de\u011fil, \u201c<strong><em>dirili\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131<\/em><\/strong>\u201d anayasac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla T\u0131rnova anayasas\u0131na giren baz\u0131 yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkeler anayasalar\u0131ndan ilkeleri kabul etmemiz gerekir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde art\u0131k ba\u015fka bir anayasadan iktibas etmek (almak) ile \u201c<strong><em>dirili\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 projelerinden<\/em><\/strong>\u201d kaynaklanan metinleri birbirinden ay\u0131rmak \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7 olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu metinler modern anayasac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ruhunu, idelerini ve de\u011ferlerini ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bunlar ise, Lamansh \u00fczerinden Atlantik\u2019in iki yakas\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0131srarla s\u00fcrekli gidip gelirken, bir g\u00fcn Bulgaristan\u2019a oldu\u011fu gibi, Balkanlara da gelip yerle\u015fiyorlar.<\/p>\n<p>Yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z fikirleri anayasa temelinde \u201c<strong>test<\/strong>\u201d ettik. Tarihin i\u00e7 i\u00e7e girmi\u015f uzun s\u00fcreli bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Todorova\u2019n\u0131n, direk temas halinde olmad\u0131klar\u0131 zaman kesimlerinde bile,\u00a0 insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n temelde birbirine benzedi\u011fine i\u015faret etti\u011fi \u00fczere ve bu uzun devirde onlar\u0131n nispeten ko\u015futlu geli\u015fim g\u00f6stermesinden olacak, anayasalar\u0131n yerle\u015fmesinin ger\u00e7ekten de diyalog do\u011fal\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 oldu\u011funa herkes inand\u0131. Di\u011fer anayasalarla e\u015fzamanl\u0131k (senkronizelik) tamamen \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmeden, olduk\u00e7a g\u00f6receli olsa da, uzun bir s\u00fcrecin \u00e7er\u00e7evesi i\u00e7inde geli\u015fim ortadad\u0131r. Burada fikir \u201c<strong><em>korsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan<\/em><\/strong>\u201d veya \u201c<strong><em>kopyalay\u0131p<\/em><\/strong>\u201d gasp etmeden s\u00f6z bile edilemez. T\u0131rnova anayasas\u0131n\u0131 bir ulus d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve rasyonel derinlikten farkl\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan incelenemez. Bu anayasan\u0131n tarihi, i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ve birbirine \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, \u00e7ok renkli k\u00fclt\u00fcrel al\u0131\u015f veri\u015fle b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde, idelerin, ideolojilerin ve kurumlar\u0131n, evcille\u015fmenin, uyumla\u015fman\u0131n, uyman\u0131n ve bilin\u00e7li se\u00e7imin birbirine \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Avrupa tarihini \u201c<strong><em>\u00fcniversal<\/em><\/strong>\u201d bir tarih olarak piyasaya s\u00fcren Merkezci Avrupa eksikliklerine vurgu yaparken, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6recelik tehlikesi ortadad\u0131r. Todorova, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki alternatif ve \u00e7o\u011fulcu modernlik tasavvuru ile ilgili de uyar\u0131da bulunuyor. Kolayc\u0131 pl\u00fcralizm ile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel g\u00f6receli\u011fe kayma tehlikesine i\u015faret ediyor. Bu ger\u00e7e\u011fin, \u201c<strong>g\u00f6receli e\u015fzamanl\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong>\u201d fikrinin basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanarak uygulan\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da g\u00f6rebiliyoruz. B\u00f6yle bir g\u00f6recelik i\u00e7inde, Bulgarlar\u0131n efsane kahraman\u0131 \u201cBay Gan\u00fc\u201d gibi birisini canland\u0131rmaktan kazanaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ne olur, diye de sorabilirim? \u015eunu da unutmayal\u0131m, burada s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz \u00e7ok \u201cuzun\u201d bir tarihsel devir i\u00e7inde oland\u0131r. Todorova, Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da hakim olan tarih bilimindeki milliyet\u00e7ilik yorumlar\u0131nda \u201c<strong><em>g\u00f6recelik<\/em><\/strong>\u201d ve \u201c<strong><em>ge\u00e7 kalma<\/em><\/strong>\u201d oldu\u011funu kendisi \u00f6zel vurgu yaparak bildiriyor. \u00d6ncelikle de bu, Bulgaristan gibi milli tarih biliminde, pratikte ebediyen var olan ve her zaman temsil edilen millet alg\u0131s\u0131na ili\u015fkindir. Milletle ilgili modern istik analiz Bulgaristan\u2019da da hala bilimsel olarak s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olan\u0131n yerini alamam\u0131\u015f ve benze anlay\u0131\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de profesyoneller aras\u0131nda, sosyal medyada ve b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumda egemendir. Bu olguyu, \u201c<strong>bilimsel sosyoloji<\/strong>\u201d a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendiren Todorova, ge\u00e7 kalman\u0131n bir nesilden uzun bir s\u00fcre olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc payla\u015f\u0131yor. Fakat bu konuyu i\u015fleyen uzmanlarda \u201c<strong>geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k<\/strong>\u201d duyumu \u201c<strong>eksikli\u011f<\/strong><em>i<\/em>\u201d mutlaka belirecektir. Bu \u201c<strong>bir ku\u015fak<\/strong>\u201d o kadar k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre de\u011fildir. Belki de burada s\u00f6z konusu olan \u201c<strong>bir ku\u015fak<\/strong>\u201d de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle tarihsel olaylar\u0131n geli\u015fmesindeki \u201c<strong><em>tarihsel e\u015fzamanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n<\/em><\/strong>\u201d anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok zordur. Ve ben \u201c<strong><em>g\u00f6receli e\u015fzamanl\u0131l\u0131k<\/em><\/strong>\u201d form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nemini bug\u00fcn her zamandan daha fazla anl\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n<p>Stefan De\u00e7ev,<br \/>\nMarginalia bg.<\/p>\n<div id=\"bghab-2572573054\" class=\"bghab-yazi-altinda bghab-entity-placement\"><div class=\"bghab-adlabel\">Reklamlar<\/div><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- bghaber-yaz\u0131-sonu -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"4222328180\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div><br style=\"clear: both; display: block; float: none;\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u0131rnova Anayasas\u0131n&#8217;da \u0130\u00e7 \u0130\u00e7e \u00d6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f\u00a0\u201cAvro-Atlantik\u201d Tarih Tarih: 17 Nisan 2019 \u00c7eviri: Av. Seniha Rasim SABR\u0130 Yazan: Prof. Stefan De\u00e7ev Kaynak: Marginal\u0131ya.bg \u2013 Bulgaristan Konu: Birinci<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35688","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-yorum"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc2PfJ-9hC","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35688","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35688"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35688\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35688"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35688"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35688"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}