{"id":35206,"date":"2019-03-30T22:25:16","date_gmt":"2019-03-30T19:25:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/?p=35206"},"modified":"2019-06-24T21:48:17","modified_gmt":"2019-06-24T18:48:17","slug":"bulgarlar-osmanlida-nasil-yasadilar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/bulgarlar-osmanlida-nasil-yasadilar\/","title":{"rendered":"Bulgarlar Osmanl\u0131da Nas\u0131l Ya\u015fad\u0131lar"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Deutsche Welle:<br \/>\nTarih: 27 Mart 2019<br \/>\n\u00c7eviri: Raziye \u00c7AKIR<br \/>\nKonu:\u00a0 <strong>Anla\u015fman\u0131n yolu tarihsel belgeleri \u00e7arp\u0131tmadan okumak ve yorumlamakt\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00dclkelerinin boyunduruk alt\u0131na girmesi ile ondan kurtulu\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki be\u015f as\u0131rda Bulgarlar\u0131n ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f\u0131na ili\u015fkin olduk\u00e7a ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir tablo ancak Osmanl\u0131 egemenlik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndan belge ve delillerin tarafs\u0131z bir g\u00f6zle yorumlanmas\u0131yla \u00e7izilebilir. Birinci bask\u0131s\u0131 birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce \u00e7\u0131kan Bulgar topraklar\u0131nda demografik geli\u015fimin b\u00fct\u00fcnsel incelenmesi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Bulgar ulusunun nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011funu anlamam\u0131za katk\u0131 sunuyor.<\/p>\n<p>Bulgar ulusunun olu\u015fum ve g\u00fc\u00e7lenme s\u00fcrecinde demografik y\u00f6nlere adanm\u0131\u015f olan ve Bulgar Bilimler Akademisinde (BAN) g\u00f6revli Prof. \u015etelyan \u015etereonov taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma, Osmanl\u0131 idaresinde Bulgarlar\u0131n durumuna ili\u015fkin bir\u00e7ok uydurma ve basma kal\u0131p iddiay\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131yor. Bulgarlar\u0131n Sultan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 fakirlik ve a\u00e7l\u0131k nedeniyle ayaklanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ulusal \u00f6z bilincin uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k istekleriyle ba\u015f kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserde temel sonu\u00e7 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bulgar tarihinde ba\u015ftan sona a\u00e7l\u0131k ve g\u0131da yetersizli\u011fi nedeniyle halk\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na rastlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bulgar n\u00fcfus 1 milyon artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sultan ferman\u0131yla kurulan otonom Bulgar Bu d\u00f6nemin daha b\u00fcy\u00fck periyodunda Bulgar H\u0131ristiyanlar n\u00fcfus olarak art\u0131\u015f tempolar\u0131 \u0130slam\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 Sultan tebaas\u0131ndan y\u00fcksektir. Bulgaristan ekonomik olarak ise imparatorlu\u011fun en geli\u015fmi\u015f b\u00f6lgelerinden biridir. Bulgar zanaat\u00e7\u0131 ve \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerinin kaliteli ve \u00e7ok de\u011ferli \u00fcr\u00fcnleri geni\u015f Osmanl\u0131 pazarlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da ra\u011fbet g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-1402242633\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na girmezden hemen \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde Bulgar n\u00fcfus 1.4 milyon ki\u015fidir. Osmanl\u0131dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan hemen sonra Bulgar Prensli\u011fi ile Do\u011fu Rumeli\u2019deki Bulgar n\u00fcfus 2.4 milyon ki\u015fidir.\u00a0 D\u00f6neme ait b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131da belge ve irdelemenin kan\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere H\u0131ristiyan Bulgar aras\u0131ndaki \u00fczeme oran\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara k\u0131yasla daha y\u00fcksektir. XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda 1000 ki\u015fiye 53 ki\u015fi gibi bir orana eri\u015fen \u00fcreme, Avrupa a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da rekor k\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemedi\u011fimiz bu oran asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olan \u00e7ocuk \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131na bir yan\u0131tt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemine ili\u015fkin baz\u0131 ba\u015fka veriler: Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 yapan Prof. \u015eterev, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr oran\u0131n\u0131n ise o devirde Avrupa ortalamas\u0131na e\u015fit oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor.\u00a0 Sofya \u00dcniversitesinden Prof. Hristo Matanov,\u00a0 konuya ili\u015fkin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilavede, 1876 Nisan Ayaklanmas\u0131 esnas\u0131nda can verenlerin 30 \u2013 35 bin ki\u015fi aras\u0131nda oldu\u011funa, 1863\u2019te Rusya\u2019daki Leh Ayaklanmas\u0131nda\u00a0 General Gurko Ordular\u0131n\u0131n 60 bin ki\u015fiyi katletti\u011fine vurgu yap\u0131yor.\u00a0 Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fi y\u0131llar\u0131nda bir tek XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131 ile XVIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131nda Bulgarlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklarda n\u00fcfusun azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaydedilmi\u015ftir. Prof. \u015eterionov, iklim \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmesi ile salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bu gerilemenin kabul edilir nedenlerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n<p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rmada zikredilen belgeler, o d\u00f6nemde Bulgarlar\u0131n s\u0131hhi olmayan ve hastal\u0131kl\u0131 ortamlarda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret ediyor. Bulgarlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklarda ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde kaydedilen 11 b\u00fcy\u00fck veba salg\u0131n\u0131 300\u00a0000 ki\u015fiyi hayat\u0131ndan etmi\u015ftir. Tarih demografisi uzman\u0131 do\u00e7. Vensislav Mu\u00e7inov ise, Orta\u00e7a\u011fda Bulgarlar\u0131n daha fazla k\u00f6y ortam\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u00f6l\u00fcm vakalar\u0131n\u0131n daha az oldu\u011funa vurgu yap\u0131yor. Kentlerde ya\u015fayan ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n Tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderildi\u011fine inanmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, kendilerini ve ailelerini korumak i\u00e7in pek bir \u015feyler yapmayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfustan farkl\u0131 olarak, H\u0131ristiyanlar salg\u0131n merkezlerinden hemen uzakla\u015farak, do\u011fal ortama ka\u00e7\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Do\u00e7. Mu\u00e7inov\u2019un a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, imparatorlukta Bat\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k standartlar\u0131na uygun in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olan iki b\u00f6lge vard\u0131: Birisi \u0130stanbul\u2019un Galata semti ve ikincisi Tuna kenti Rus\u00e7uk\u2019tu.\u00a0 \u00d6rg\u00fctl\u00fc t\u0131p hizmetlerinden ancak XIX y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda s\u00f6z edilebilirdi. Baz\u0131 hastal\u0131klarla \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc m\u00fccadele ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131yla sava\u015f\u0131mla ilgili ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmet kararlar\u0131 ve emirler ayn\u0131 d\u00f6neme rastlar. Prof. \u015eterionov\u2019un kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda, imparatorlukta pratisyen doktorlar\u0131n hemen yar\u0131s\u0131 150 ki\u015fi Bulgard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in birer g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f para \u00f6d\u00fcl veriliyordu.<\/strong><\/p><div id=\"bghab-3051237470\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-10-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>Bununla ilgili olarak \u015eterionov \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kol gezdi\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemde 1846\u2019da\u00a0 Sultan Abdul Mecid\u2019in T\u0131rnova kentine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ziyareti anlat\u0131yor. O zamanlar yerel n\u00fcfusun Osmanl\u0131 makamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nlemlerin yerli ahali taraf\u0131ndan desteklenmedi\u011fine i\u015faret ediyor. Bu ortamda Sultanla gelen heyet \u00e7ocu\u011funa a\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131rana bir g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f para ve bir de mendil vaat etmi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde hijin ama\u00e7l\u0131 al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemlerden biri de b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131da toplu hamam in\u015fa edilmesidir. Bu bak\u0131ma Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011fu, Uyan\u0131\u015f Devri y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00e7ok seyrek hamam yapan Bat\u0131 devletlerini fersah fersah geride b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Birinci ve XVIII y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Bulgarlar\u0131n ikamet etti\u011fi yerlerde toplam yerle\u015fim yeri say\u0131s\u0131 5 500\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bulgaristan\u2019da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki yerle\u015fim yeri say\u0131s\u0131 da bu kadard\u0131r. Bulgar ya\u015fayan kent say\u0131s\u0131 80 adettir ve bunlarda n\u00fcfusun % 10\u2019u oturur. Do\u00e7. Mu\u00e7inov, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, H\u0131ristiyan ya da Yahudi olduklar\u0131na bakmaks\u0131z\u0131n Osmanl\u0131lar veri gelirlerini artt\u0131r\u0131p hazineyi doldurmak amac\u0131yla n\u00fcfusun \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131na \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011finin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda, \u0130stanbul n\u00fcfusu, stratejik \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan Deliorman ile Meri\u00e7 \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 boyuna yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Zaman\u0131n ge\u00e7mesiyle bu ak\u0131m durmu\u015ftur. Yerini Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131 ile Rusya ve Avusturya-Macaristan aras\u0131nda n\u00fcfus de\u011fi\u015fimi alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131r\u0131m Tatarlar\u0131ndan 300 000 ki\u015fi ve \u0130slam\u2019\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f Kafkas gruplar\u0131 Bulgaristan\u2019a yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Rusya ve Avusturya-Macaristan monar\u015fileri aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015flarda Bulgar H\u0131ristiyanlar da Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir. Bulgaristan topraklar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131dan kopar\u0131lmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki y\u0131llarda Do\u011fu Bulgaristan topraklar\u0131 Rusya-Osmanl\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131 neticesinde insans\u0131z kal\u0131nca vergi indirimi gibi te\u015fviklere ba\u015f vurularak Rusya ve Ulah b\u00f6lgelerinde n\u00fcfusun geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme yollar\u0131 denenmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f d\u00f6neminde Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu n\u00fcfusu seyrelen b\u00f6lgelere yerle\u015ftirecek n\u00fcfus bulmakta g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bulgar zanaatlar\u0131 ve ticaretinin y\u00fckselmesi.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ekonomik olarak ayakta kal\u0131p geli\u015fme kaydetme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funun bel ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 XVI. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130spanya\u2019dan getirilen Yahudi n\u00fcfus ticaretin, mali hizmetlerin ve zanaatlar\u0131n geli\u015fmesine \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli katk\u0131 sunmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 \u0130spanya\u2019dan gelenler Bulgaristan topraklar\u0131 da bu kapsamda Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda her eyalete yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdir. Bulgar \u00fcreticiler Aba, \u015fayak, gaitan, y\u00fcnl\u00fc kuma\u015flar, metal aletler, seramik ve g\u00fcl ya\u011f\u0131 gibi de\u011fi\u015fik Osmanl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini \u00fcreten kesimdir. Prof. Hristo Matanov, bir Frans\u0131z \u015firketinin Gabrovo at\u00f6lyelerinde \u00fcretilen han\u00e7erleri al\u0131p kendi \u00fcretimiymi\u015f gibi Fransa\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.\u00a0 Matanov, kendi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z Osmanl\u0131 pazar\u0131na sunan Bulgar zanaat\u00e7\u0131 ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n\u0131n zengin oldu\u011funu yaz\u0131yor.\u00a0 O y\u0131llarda Bulgar uyan\u0131\u015f \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6y ve kasabalar\u0131nda in\u015fa edilen \u00e7ardakl\u0131 konaklar ve k\u00f6\u015fkler, bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7 donan\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6rmeye de\u011ferdir. Uyan\u0131\u015f \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde Bulgaristan\u2019da k\u00f6yden kente ak\u0131m ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok \u015fehir Bulgar n\u00fcfusla dolmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>Deutsche Welle \/ \u201cAlmanyanin Sesi\u201d Radyosu\u00a0Bulgaristan.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-707995117\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-15-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"bghab-2837615039\" class=\"bghab-yazi-altinda bghab-entity-placement\"><div class=\"bghab-adlabel\">Reklamlar<\/div><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- bghaber-yaz\u0131-sonu -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"4222328180\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div><br style=\"clear: both; display: block; float: none;\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Deutsche Welle: Tarih: 27 Mart 2019 \u00c7eviri: Raziye \u00c7AKIR Konu:\u00a0 Anla\u015fman\u0131n yolu tarihsel belgeleri \u00e7arp\u0131tmadan okumak ve yorumlamakt\u0131r. \u00dclkelerinin boyunduruk alt\u0131na girmesi ile ondan kurtulu\u015flar\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":32942,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35206","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yorum"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/raziye-uluturk-e1560535237252.jpg?fit=165%2C250&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc2PfJ-99Q","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35206","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35206"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35206\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32942"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35206"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35206"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35206"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}