{"id":29997,"date":"2018-04-24T23:02:06","date_gmt":"2018-04-24T20:02:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/?p=29997"},"modified":"2018-04-25T11:00:23","modified_gmt":"2018-04-25T08:00:23","slug":"zorlu-donusumler-ve-cokus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/zorlu-donusumler-ve-cokus\/","title":{"rendered":"Zorlu D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler ve \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tarih: 24 Nisan 2018<\/p>\n<p>Yazan: M\u00fch.\u00a0 \u015eakir ARSLANTA\u015e<\/p>\n<p>Konu:\u00a0 <strong>Sosyalizm y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki Bulgaristan ekonomisi.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bulgaristan\u2019da emek\u00e7i halk\u0131n neden herhangi bir beklentisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, neden k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin saban\u0131 topra\u011fa saplanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, neden bir uyan\u0131\u015f ve dirili\u015f ya\u015fanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilmemiz i\u00e7in 70 y\u0131l \u00f6nceye bakmam\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n<p>1945\u2019te Bulgaristan 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan galip gelenler aras\u0131nda, ama yenilenlerden biri olarak \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-1481726134\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n d\u0131\u015f siyasetini 1 \u015eubat 1941\u2019de\u00a0 Neubacher\u2019de imzalanan ve Bulgaristan\u2019da yerle\u015fecek olan Alman askeri birliklerinin masraflar\u0131n\u0131n, maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ve t\u00fcm di\u011fer giderlerinin Bulgaristan taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren Bulgaristan Almanya Anla\u015fmas\u0131 belirlemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n<p>Bu anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re <strong>1941-44 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Almanya Bulgar Halk Bankas\u0131ndan 7 039 000 000<\/strong> (yedi milyar otuz dokuz milyon) leva \u00e7ekmi\u015f, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda 23 641 456 540 (yirmi \u00fc\u00e7 milyar alt\u0131 y\u00fcz k\u0131rk bir milyon d\u00f6rt y\u00fcz elli alt\u0131 bin be\u015f y\u00fcz k\u0131rk) mal takas\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu rakamlar o zaman i\u00e7in o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr ki, BULGAR\u0130STAN \u0130FLASIN E\u015e\u0130\u011e\u0130NE GELM\u0130\u015eT\u0130R.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1944\u2019te Bulgaristan n\u00fcfusunun % 80\u2019ni k\u00f6yde ya\u015f\u0131yor ve k\u00f6y i\u015fletmelerinin toprak m\u00fclkiyeti da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>50 dekara kadar toprak sahibi olanlar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0712 000 hane<\/p>\n<p>50 &#8211; 100 dekar aras\u0131 toprak sahibi olanlar 254 000 hane<\/p><div id=\"bghab-2327898199\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-10-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>500 dekardan toprak sahibi olanlar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 200 hane<\/p>\n<p>Bulgaristan nabz\u0131n\u0131 tutan b\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131daki gizli i\u015fsizliktir.<\/p>\n<p>13 Nisan 1945\u2019te Bulgar tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc kooperatifle\u015ftirilmesi yasas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 3 y\u0131lda yaln\u0131z tar\u0131m\u0131n % 8\u2019i kooperatiflerde birle\u015fti.<\/p>\n<p>1946\u2019da Bulgar iri toprak sahiplerinin topraklar\u0131 millile\u015ftirildi ve topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fclere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Kooperatif\u00e7ilik hareketinde zor da kullan\u0131larak 1948 sonunda topra\u011f\u0131n % 34\u2019\u00fc kooperatifle\u015ftirildi. Emek Tar\u0131m Kooperatifleri TKZS\u2019ler kuruldu.<\/p>\n<p>Ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda Bulgar iri \u00f6l\u00e7ekli sanay\u0131 tesislerinin ve madenlerin % 83,6\u2019s\u0131 \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn elindeydi.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-3123831360\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-15-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>1947\u2019de ba\u015flayan sanayi i\u015fletmelerini millile\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinde ilk hamlede 1 997 (bin dokuz y\u00fcz doksan yedi) b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli sanayi i\u015fletmesi ve 4 027 (d\u00f6rt bin yirmi yedi) irili ufakl\u0131 sanayi tesisi, at\u00f6lye ve zanaat\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fckkan\u0131 millile\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n<p>Bu rakamlar ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 40-l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n sonunda Bulgar sanayinin \u201czanaat\u00e7\u0131 end\u00fcstrisi\u201d oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmeye yeterlidir. Bu i\u015fyerlerinde en fazla kullan\u0131lan basit ara\u00e7lar ve el eme\u011fidir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bulgaristan\u2019da 1950\u2019li \u00a0y\u0131llar\u0131n ekonomi siyaseti.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu uygulaman\u0131n temelleri 1948\u2019de kabul edilen Birinci be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k (1949-1953) planla at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ana hedefe a\u011f\u0131r sanai kurarak \u00fclke ekonomi yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yeniden bi\u00e7imlendirmek \u00e7eki\u015fmi\u015ftir. A\u011f\u0131r sanayiye dayanarak ekonomik kalk\u0131nma Bat\u0131 Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika \u00fclkelerinde 100 \u2013 150\u00a0 (y\u00fcz, y\u00fcz elli) y\u0131l \u00f6nce ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130lk \u00f6nce k\u00f6ylerdeki \u201cfazla\u201d n\u00fcfus ve gizli i\u015fsizler sanayi kuruculu\u011funa \u00e7ekilerek, d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelere i\u015f\u00e7i ak\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6nlenecek ve istihdam yarat\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>1948\u2019den ba\u015flayarak Bulgar a\u011f\u0131r sanayine 170 milyar leva yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu ekonomiye yap\u0131lan toplam yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n % 82\u2019sine e\u015fitti.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-4216561871\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-20-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Bulgaristan\u2019da \u201cSovyet modeli\u201d sanayile\u015fme uyguland\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Devlet ve kooperatif sosyalist m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7imleri merkezi y\u00f6netime ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Devletin \u00fcretime da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m ve t\u00fcketime kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6ncelikle yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1950 y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Bulgaristan bir tar\u0131m \u00fclkesidir, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131m% 78,8\u2019i ge\u00e7imini tar\u0131mdan sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1950\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonunda tar\u0131mda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 % 61,1\u2019e azal\u0131rken, sanayide istihdam bulanlar % 30 olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 1949-1958 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Bulgaristan\u2019da 154 sanayi i\u015fletmesi kurulurken, siyah ve renkli metal sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00f6ncelikli tutulmu\u015ftur. Pernikte demir d\u00f6k\u00fcm, K\u0131rcaali\u2019de kur\u015fun \u00e7inki ve Eliseyna\u2019da bak\u0131r \u00fcretim fabrikalar\u0131, Dimitrovgrat ve Devnya\u2019da g\u00fcbre fabrikalar\u0131, Sofya\u2019da da makine yap\u0131m fabrikas\u0131 \u00fcretime ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-3540181850\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-25-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>Bulgaristan\u2019da sanayile\u015fmye ge\u00e7ildi\u011fi bu 10 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemde y\u0131l ortalamas\u0131 % 14 gibi bir art\u0131\u015f kaydedilmi\u015f ve halk\u0131n reel geliri de y\u00fczde y\u00fcz art\u0131\u015f kaydetmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fte bu y\u0131llarda \u00fclkenin tar\u0131m \u00fclkesi olmaktan kurtularak bir sanayi \u00fclkesine do\u011fru ad\u0131m armas\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla sa\u011flanabilmi\u015ftir. Burada ilgin\u00e7 olan sermaye birikiminin tar\u0131m emek\u00e7ilerini bir sefillik \u00e7emberine kapayarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmemesi, bir\u00e7ok sanayi tesisinin teknik tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Bulgaristan\u2019a SSCB taraf\u0131ndan bedava verilmesi, kadro yeti\u015ftirmedeki yard\u0131mlar \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n SSCB ve Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00fclkeleriyle ekonomik ba\u011flar\u0131 geli\u015fim kaydetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p><strong>1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Bulgar ekonomisi Sosyalist \u00fclkeler<\/strong> aras\u0131nda kurulan Ekonomik Yard\u0131mla\u015fma Konseyi i\u00e7inde i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ve uzmanla\u015fmaya y\u00f6neldi. 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda sosyalist \u00fclkelerin aras\u0131nda i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn temel ilkeleri haz\u0131rland\u0131 ve\u00a0<b>Bulgaristan&#8217;a\u00a0makine yap\u0131m\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/b> d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve bu sekt\u00f6r \u00fclkemizin ana geli\u015fim y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc belirledi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1958 \u2013 1968 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda<\/strong> a\u011f\u0131r sanayi kollar\u0131 geli\u015ftirilirken, Pernik\u2019ten sonra Sofya\u2019da \u201cKemikovtsi\u201d demir d\u00f6k\u00fcm tesisi, K\u0131rcaali\u2019den sonra Plovdiv\u2019te de yeni bir renkli metaller fabrikas\u0131, Paneg\u00fcri\u015fte \u201cMedet\u201d a\u00e7\u0131k madenlerde elde edilen bak\u0131r cevherinin zenginle\u015ftirme tesisleri \u00fcretime ge\u00e7ti. Burgaz liman\u0131nda \u201cNefto-him\u201d kimya fabrikas\u0131 \u00fcretime ba\u015flad\u0131. Tar\u0131msal geli\u015fimin \u00f6zendirilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise Stara Zagora kentinde \u00fcretim yapan Sunni G\u00fcbre ve petro-kimya \u00fcr\u00fcnleri tesisi \u00f6nem kazand\u0131. Bu tesisiler bulgar sanayiinde \u201cA\u201d grubu olu\u015ftururken, i\u015fleme ve hafif sanayi tesisleri de Plovdiv,\u00a0 Vratsa ve Blagoevgrat kentlerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131. Tekstil sanayi i\u015fletmeleri Sofya, Vidin, Varna, Pleven ve ba\u015fka kentlerde topland\u0131, Bat\u0131 pazar\u0131na hitap eden fabrikalar fason i\u015f yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00a0Y\u0131ne ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda Elektrik ta\u015fit ara\u00e7lar\u0131 (elektro ve motokar) fabrikas\u0131, Ruse ve Botevgrat\u2019ta da yar\u0131 iletken tesisleri in\u015fa edildi. Sopot ve Kazanl\u0131k kentlerindeki silah fabrikalar\u0131 \u00fcretimiyle bu sekt\u00f6rde Bulgaristan d\u00fcnya 10-una girerken, torna ve ba\u015fka metal kesme makinalar\u0131 \u00fcretimi ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunlar\u0131 Kuzey Bulgaristan\u2019da z\u0131rhl\u0131 ara\u00e7 ve Varna\u2019da terane a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 izledi. Bunlara \u201cMaritsa-\u0130ztok\u201d 1 ve 2 olmak \u00fczere elektrek enerjisi \u00fcretimi de eklenince, Bat\u0131n\u0131n 150 y\u0131lda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biz 10 y\u0131lda yapabildik propagandas\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu \u201cStalin usul\u00fcnce sanayile\u015fmeydi\u201d.\u00a0 Lisanslar SSCB\u2019den gelmi\u015f, uygulama ve \u00fcretim Bulgaristan\u2019da yap\u0131l\u0131yor ve \u00fcr\u00fcnler Rusya\u2019n\u0131n i\u015faret etti\u011fi merkezlere sat\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<p>Tar\u0131m alan\u0131nda da \u00fcretimin makinele\u015ftirilme ve el em\u011finin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken Bulgaristan toplumu modernle\u015fme yoluna y\u00f6neldi.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-2826703187\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-30-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00c7arl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde 2 milli facia ge\u00e7iren, 1944\u2019te de bitmi\u015f durumda olan Bulgaristan 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131r sanayi makine yap\u0131m\u0131na, tara\u0131m\u0131 da teknik k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere dayanan bir \u00fclke haline geldi, onlarca \u00fcniversite kuruldu. \u00d6zetlemek gerekirse 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonunda Bulgaristan bir tar\u0131msal-end\u00fcstri \u00fclkesinden, end\u00fcstri-tar\u0131m \u00fclkesine ge\u00e7i\u015fi ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamlad\u0131. Gayr\u0131 Safi Milli has\u0131lan\u0131n hemen hemen yar\u0131s\u0131 sanayi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00fcretmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p>1950\u2019li, 60\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u201cSo\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u201d g\u00fcndem belirlerken, 1970\u2019lerde Amerikan\u2019\u0131n Vietnam yenilgisi, ard\u0131ndan gelen uygulamalar, \u00a0Uluslararas\u0131 yak\u0131t piyasas\u0131nda OPEK\u2019in petrol fiyatlar\u0131 belirlemedeki rol\u00fc ve Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu sava\u015flar\u0131 Bulgar sanayi y\u00fckseli\u015f dinamiklerini omurgas\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Global siyasette ayn\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda (1975) Helsinki s\u00fcreci ba\u015flad\u0131. 33 Avrupa devleti ile ABD ve Kanada ULUSLARARASI \u0130\u015eB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130N\u0130N YEN\u0130 \u0130LKELER\u0130N\u0130 BEL\u0130RLED\u0130LER.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bulgaristan yeni s\u00fcre\u00e7ten ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 yararlanmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/strong><\/p><div id=\"bghab-3722141939\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-35-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>Bulgaristan\u2019da ve Balkanlar\u2019da birinci Atom Elektrik Santrali \u201cKozloduy\u201d keninde ba\u015flad\u0131. 4 Eyl\u00fcl 1974\u2019te 440 MW ilk reakt\u00f6r \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ard\u0131ndan 5 adet daha kuruldu.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cArda\u201d nehrine 3 elektrik santrali, \u201cBelmekn-Sestrimo\u201d HES ve \u201cMaritsa-\u0130stok\u201d elektrik \u00fcretim tesislerinin geli\u015ftirilmesi Bulgaristan&#8217;\u0131n enerji \u00fcretimini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na ald\u0131 ve \u00fclke teknolojik geli\u015fimin \u0130K\u0130NC\u0130 A\u015eAMASINDAN \u0130LER\u0130 ADIM ARMAYI BA\u015eARDI.<\/li>\n<li>1970 \u2018li y\u0131llarda ula\u015f\u0131lan ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n hepsini s\u0131ralamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmasa da 1977\u2019de Varna tersanesinde ilk 100 000 tonluk tankerin suya sal\u0131nmas\u0131, \u00fclkede metal\u00fcrji, makine yap\u0131m\u0131 ve m\u00fchendislik d\u00fczeyinin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sahilleri kendili\u011finden anlatm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/li>\n<li>1972-73 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bulgaristan\u2019da ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Pomaklar\u0131n devlet ter\u00f6r\u00fcne maruz kalmas\u0131, isimlerinin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fmelerinin yasaklanmas\u0131 ve zorla eritilerek T\u00fcrk kimliklerinin asimile etme \u00e7abalar\u0131 ilk uluslararas\u0131 tepkileri almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bulgaristan\u2019da adalet, hukuk devleti, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n haklar\u0131 konular ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere insan haklar\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fi siyaset konusu oldu. Uluslararas\u0131 toplumdan protestolar y\u00fckselmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda Bulgaristan\u2019da ekonomik politika.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1944\u2019ten sonra Bulgar devleti \u00fclkede istihdam sa\u011flayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 n\u00fcfus sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 (1951 ve 1968-76) g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ile 250 binden fazla T\u00fcrk\u00fc kovarak \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Helsinki Senedi\u2019nin kabul edilmesinden sonra Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle insan haklar\u0131 konusunda Bulgaristan\u2019a ters bakmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu terslik, Papa II Pavel\u2019e suikastta Bulgar parma\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu iddialar\u0131yla \u015fiddetlenirken,\u00a0 4 254 TIR, 4 \u0131rmak ve 4 deniz gemisi ve bunlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 10 bin ki\u015fiyle ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k yapan \u00fclkenin ad\u0131 uyu\u015fturucu ve silah ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na da kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>1985\u2019te ba\u015flayan M. Gorba\u00e7ov \u201cyenilenmesi\u201d de totaliter Bulgar rejimiyle ters d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k gelirleri s\u0131f\u0131rlanan devlet, T\u00fcrklerin bankalardaki paralar\u0131na g\u00f6z dikti, \u201csoya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u201d s\u00fcreci ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusa kar\u015f\u0131 bask\u0131y\u0131 azd\u0131rd\u0131, \u015fiddetlendirdik\u00e7e \u015fiddetlendirdi. 500 bin ki\u015fiyi s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etmekle durumu sakinle\u015ftirece\u011fini sand\u0131. Olmad\u0131. 3 milyon insan yurdu terk etti. Uretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 durdu. Emek verimli\u011fi d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Mamul kalitesi d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Kalifiye emek\u00e7iler \u00fcretimden ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Bulgar tar\u0131m ve sanayi \u00e7\u00f6kme trendine girdi.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00f6ylece Bulgaristan sanayi ve teknolojik geli\u015fmesi 3. Teknolojik devrimin ba\u015f\u0131na demir att\u0131. Sosyalizm y\u0131llar\u0131nda ula\u015f\u0131lan birikim yitirildi. Yeniden dirili\u015f i\u00e7in gerekli birikim de toplanamad\u0131. SSCB\u2019den koparak Bat\u0131\u2019ya sar\u0131lmak da kendili\u011finden yeni bir ufuk a\u00e7mad\u0131.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-2140338840\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-40-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>Bug\u00fcn Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda en geri kalm\u0131\u015f, en sefil, en cahil, n\u00fcfusu azalan ve sorunlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen \u00fclke olmam\u0131z\u0131n nedeni budur.<\/p>\n<p>Sayg\u0131lar\u0131mla,<\/p>\n<p>Payla\u015f\u0131n\u0131z dostlar\u0131n\u0131zla,<\/p>\n<div id=\"bghab-3202445839\" class=\"bghab-yazi-altinda bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- bghaber-yaz\u0131-sonu -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"4222328180\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div><br style=\"clear: both; display: block; float: none;\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tarih: 24 Nisan 2018 Yazan: M\u00fch.\u00a0 \u015eakir ARSLANTA\u015e Konu:\u00a0 Sosyalizm y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki Bulgaristan ekonomisi. &nbsp; Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bulgaristan\u2019da emek\u00e7i halk\u0131n neden herhangi bir beklentisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, neden k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":12415,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_seo_schema_type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29997","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yorum"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc2PfJ-7NP","jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/sakir-arslantas.jpg?fit=130%2C168&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29997","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29997"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29997\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12415"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29997"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29997"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29997"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}