{"id":28536,"date":"2018-03-18T11:07:11","date_gmt":"2018-03-18T08:07:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/?p=28536"},"modified":"2018-03-18T12:02:59","modified_gmt":"2018-03-18T09:02:59","slug":"osmanlida-cingeneler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/osmanlida-cingeneler\/","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131&#8217;da \u00c7ingeneler"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"td-post-featured-image\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"entry-thumb td-animation-stack-type0-1\" title=\"osmanlida-cingeneler\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ekstrembilgi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/osmanlida-cingeneler.jpg?resize=600%2C405&#038;ssl=1\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ekstrembilgi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/osmanlida-cingeneler.jpg 600w, https:\/\/ekstrembilgi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/osmanlida-cingeneler-541x365.jpg 541w, https:\/\/ekstrembilgi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/osmanlida-cingeneler-840x567.jpg 840w, https:\/\/ekstrembilgi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/osmanlida-cingeneler-220x150.jpg 220w, https:\/\/ekstrembilgi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/osmanlida-cingeneler-540x365.jpg 540w\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"405\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u00c7ingeneler roman ve \u015fiirlere konu edilmelerine ve sosyolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan incelenmelerine\u00a0ra\u011fmen \u00a0tarih\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan pek fazla ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde \u00c7ingeneler ba\u015fka\u00a0devletlerde g\u00f6rmedi\u011fimiz bir stat\u00fcye tabi tutulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, \u00c7ingeneler\u00a0ad\u0131na bir sancak d\u00fczenlemi\u015f ve bu sancak i\u00e7inde baz\u0131 \u00c7ingeneleri askeri hizmete\u00a0alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kurulu\u015fundan itibaren giderek b\u00fcy\u00fcmesiyle daimi ordunun\u00a0ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak hizmet k\u0131talar\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duydu.\u00a0Osmanl\u0131 askeri te\u015fkilat\u0131nda\u00a0sefer zamanlar\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fman ile birebir sava\u015fman\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda askerlerin sava\u015f yerine\u00a0ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131, sava\u015f ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7lerinin yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in maden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131, bunlar\u0131n i\u015flenmesi,\u00a0nakliyesi, ordunun sava\u015f yerine ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlar\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelinmesi gibi\u00a0bir\u00e7ok sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gerekiyordu. Bu sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi bir yandan ordunun\u00a0manevra h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131racak di\u011fer yandan da ordunun askeri d\u00fczeni ve disiplinini\u00a0sa\u011flamaya hizmet edecekti. Ayr\u0131ca asker de psikolojik olarak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olacakt\u0131. Asker i\u00e7in\u00a0angarya olacak bu hizmetlerin yerine getirilmesi amac\u0131yla devlet \u201cGeri Hizmet\u00a0Kurumu\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir yap\u0131lanmaya gitti. Geri hizmet kurumu, ordunun top\u00a0ve cephanelerini ta\u015f\u0131mak, ordunun ge\u00e7ece\u011fi yollar\u0131 temizlemek, zahire nakletmek, kale\u00a0tamiri, tersane hizmeti, k\u00f6pr\u00fc in\u015faat\u0131, maden hizmeti gibi vazifelerle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hizmet\u00a0sahiplerinden olu\u015fturulan bir te\u015fkilat idi.<\/p>\n<p>Geri Hizmet Kurumlar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli olup bu kurumlara d\u00e2hil edilenler toplumsal yap\u0131\u00a0i\u00e7erisinde asker\u00ee say\u0131l\u0131rlard\u0131. Geri Hizmet\u2019e tabii \u00c7ingeneler, Liva-i M\u00fcselleman-i \u00c7ing\u00e2ne\u00a0ad\u0131 ile askeri bir yap\u0131lanma i\u00e7inde kaydedildiler.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rumeli\u2019de \u00c7ingene Sanca\u011f\u0131<\/strong><br \/>\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde \u00c7ingene Sanca\u011f\u0131 Rumeli Beylerbeyli\u011fi\u2019nde kuruldu. Anadolu\u2019da\u00a0b\u00f6yle bir yap\u0131lanma yoktu. Bunun nedeni \u00c7ingenelerin n\u00fcfus olarak Rumeli\u2019de daha\u00a0yo\u011fun olmalar\u0131yd\u0131. Rumeli Beylerbeyli\u011fi\u2019nde \u00c7ingene Sanca\u011f\u0131, bir b\u00f6lgenin fethinden\u00a0sonra olu\u015fturulmu\u015f sancak de\u011fildi. \u00c7ingene Sanca\u011f\u0131, Rumeli Eyalet Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u00a0kurulurken bu te\u015fkilat\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu sancak, sosyal ve co\u011frafi\u00a0yap\u0131da zorlay\u0131c\u0131 bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe gidilmeden idari bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131larak kuruldu.\u00a0\u00c7ingene Sanca\u011f\u0131, Rumeli\u2019nin sadece bir b\u00f6lgesini veya bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kapsamamakta\u00a0\u0130stanbul d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere Rumeli\u2019deki t\u00fcm \u00c7ingeneleri i\u00e7ermekteydi.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ingene Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kesin kurulu\u015f tarihi hakk\u0131nda bir veri bulunmamaktad\u0131r.\u00a0\u00c7ingene Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren ilk kay\u0131t II. Bayezid (1481-1512) d\u00f6nemine\u00a0aittir. Bu kay\u0131t, \u00c7ingenelerden toplanacak cizye hakk\u0131nda bir kanunnamedir ve \u00c7ingene\u00a0Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan dolayl\u0131 olarak bahsetmektedir. Kanunname\u2019de (903 \/ 1497), \u2018\u00c7ingene\u00a0Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019 ifadesi, ka\u00e7an \u00c7ingenelerin bulunmas\u0131 ve hara\u00e7 toplayan g\u00f6revliye yard\u0131m\u00a0edilmesi konusunda \u00c7ingene Sancak Beyi\u2019nin g\u00f6revlendirilmesi ile g\u00fcndeme gelmektedir.\u00a0Bizim ula\u015fabildi\u011fimiz kay\u0131tlara g\u00f6re ilk kez \u2018\u00c7ingene Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019 ifadesi burada<br \/>\nkullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-855397315\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>Var olan etnik de\u011ferler \u00fczerine kurulan \u00c7ingene Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n merkezi K\u0131rkkilise\u00a0(K\u0131rklareli)\u2019dir. \u00c7ingene Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 \u00c7ingene Sancak beyi y\u00f6netir fakat \u00c7ingene Sancak\u00a0Beyi, \u00c7ingene de\u011fildir. \u00c7ingene Sancak Beyi, geri hizmete d\u00e2hil olan ve olmayan<br \/>\n\u00c7ingenelerin vergilerinin toplanmas\u0131ndan sorumludur.<\/p>\n<p>Rumeli Eyaletinde 1520-1535 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Barkan\u2019\u0131n vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu bilgiye\u00a0g\u00f6re<\/p>\n<p>1. 031.799 hane vard\u0131r. Bu hanelerin 194. 958\u2019i M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, 832.707\u2019si H\u0131ristiyan<\/p>\n<p>ve 4.134\u2019\u00fc Yahudi\u2019dir. 14.997 hane olan Rumeli\u2019de \u00c7ingenelerin 4.203 hanesi<br \/>\nM\u00fcsl\u00fcman, 10.294 hanesi de Gayri M\u00fcslim\u2019dir11. Buna g\u00f6re \u00c7ingenelerin \u00fc\u00e7te biri<br \/>\nM\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u2019d\u0131r. Rumeli \u00c7ingenelerinin Rumeli\u2019de ya\u015fayanlara g\u00f6re oran\u0131 %1\u2019dir<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c7ingene M\u00fcsellem Sanca\u011f\u0131<\/strong><br \/>\n\u00c7ingene M\u00fcsellem Sanca\u011f\u0131, askeri olarak nitelendirilen \u00c7ingeneleri kapsamaktad\u0131r.\u00a0\u00c7ingene Sanca\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00c7ingene M\u00fcsellem Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da kesin olarak kurulu\u015f tarihi belli\u00a0de\u011fildir. Fatih d\u00f6neminde \u00c7ingenelere baz\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Fatih\u00a0d\u00f6nemine ait \u201cRumeli Etraki\u2019n\u00fcn Koyun \u00c2deti H\u00fckmi ve \u00c7ingene Kanunu\u201d isimli\u00a0kanunnamede, \u201ckoyun \u00e2deti\u201d yani \u201cresmi a\u011fnam\u201d ile ilgili maddelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hizmete\u00a0al\u0131nan \u00c7ingenelerin hara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demeyece\u011fine dair maddeler de bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu\u00a0durumda, Fatih d\u00f6neminde de \u00c7ingeneler devlet hizmetine al\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-424640990\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-10-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00c7ingenelerin geri hizmette g\u00f6revlendirilmesindeki temel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce; onlar\u0131n\u00a0maden i\u015flemedeki ve el sanatlar\u0131ndaki yeteneklerinin devlet i\u00e7in daha verimli duruma\u00a0getirmekti. G\u00f6rev ve sorumluluk alan \u00c7ingenelerin sorun olmalar\u0131 da engellenebilirdi.\u00a0B\u00f6ylece, \u00c7ingenelerin ba\u015f\u0131bo\u015f ve i\u015fsizlikleri ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan toplum i\u00e7inde yabanc\u0131 ya da\u00a0\u00f6teki konumunda kalmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilebilirdi. G\u00f6reve al\u0131nan \u00c7ingeneler, toprak ve\u00a0sorumluluk alarak devletin askeri s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na d\u00e2hil olacaklard\u0131. \u00c7ingenelere toprak vererek\u00a0geri hizmet kurumuna alma yolu ile ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00f6\u00e7ebe \u00c7ingenelerin yerle\u015fik hayata\u00a0ge\u00e7irilmesi de hedeflenmi\u015f olsa gerekir. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, idari a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kontrol alt\u0131na\u00a0almakta zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7ingeneleri topra\u011fa kaydederek yerle\u015fik olmaya \u00f6zendirmi\u015f ve\u00a0devlet ad\u0131na g\u00f6revlendirme yaparak, devletin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ingene M\u00fcsellemlerinin te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131nda esas olan ocak sistemidir. Ocak\u00a0ifadesi ev \u201cdomus\u201d anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi gibi eskiden beri askeri birlikler i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131lan\u00a0bir terimdir; Yeni\u00e7eri oca\u011f\u0131, Sipahi oca\u011f\u0131 gibi. Ayn\u0131 kelime Yaya, M\u00fcsellem, Y\u00fcr\u00fck,\u00a0Tatar ve \u00c7ingene Te\u015fkilat\u0131 i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ocak ifadesi haneye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak\u00a0kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ar\u0131kan bir Yaya Oca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, maa\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bir \u00e7iftlik\u00a0tasarruf eden, avar\u0131z-\u0131 divaniye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bir hizmetle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc tutulan, g\u00f6revleri ve vergi\u00a0ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 nedeniyle asker say\u0131lan, bir yaya ve yamaktan meydana gelen \u00fcnite olarak\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f ve bu tan\u0131m\u0131n m\u00fcsellemler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir \u00c7ingene\u00a0m\u00fcsellem oca\u011f\u0131 da ayn\u0131 yap\u0131lanmaya sahiptir. Oca\u011f\u0131n temelini sefer veya hizmetlerde\u00a0fiilen g\u00f6rev alan e\u015fkincilerle; g\u00f6reve giden e\u015fkincilerin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan\u00a0yamaklar olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c7ingene M\u00fcsellem Te\u015fkilat\u0131nda G\u00f6revliler<\/strong><br \/>\n\u00c7ingene Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temelini m\u00fcsellemler ve yamaklar olu\u015fturur. \u00c7ingene m\u00fcsellem\u00a0ve yamaklar\u0131 \u00c7ingene Sancakbeyi\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ingene m\u00fcsellemleri seraskerlerinin \u00a0\u00f6nderli\u011finde g\u00f6reve gitmi\u015flerdi. N\u00f6betli m\u00fcsellemlerin yoklamaya gelmelerini ve\u00a0g\u00f6reve kat\u0131l\u0131p g\u00f6revlerini hakk\u0131 ile yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 serasker sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<br \/>\n\u00c7ingene m\u00fcsellemleri oca\u011f\u0131nda bulunan m\u00fcsellem say\u0131s\u0131 Y\u00fcr\u00fck Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019nda\u00a0oldu\u011fu gibi sabit de\u011fildir. Y\u00fcr\u00fck Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019nda e\u015fkinciler 5 ki\u015fi olarak kay\u0131tl\u0131\u00a0bulunmaktad\u0131rlar. Her ocak 5\u2019i e\u015fkinci, 25\u2019i yamak olmak \u00fczere toplam 30 neferden\u00a0olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. \u00c7ingene Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019nda ise bir ocakta en az \u00fc\u00e7, en \u00e7ok alt\u0131 m\u00fcsellem\u00a0g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015ftir. Ama \u00e7o\u011funlukla m\u00fcsellem say\u0131s\u0131 d\u00f6rtt\u00fcr. Ocaklardaki yamak say\u0131s\u0131\u00a0da 9 ile 15 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u00fcsellemler ve G\u00f6revleri<\/strong><br \/>\nM\u00fcsellem, geri hizmet kurumu i\u00e7inde g\u00f6reve gitmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olan ki\u015fiydi. Devlet,\u00a0m\u00fcsellemlik g\u00f6revi i\u00e7in maa\u015f vermeden, m\u00fcsellemlere birer \u00e7iftlik miktar\u0131 yer tahsis\u00a0edilmesini ve \u00e7iftlik gelirinin g\u00f6reve giden m\u00fcselleme verilmesini kanunname ile\u00a0garanti alt\u0131na ald\u0131. M\u00fcsellemler hazineden \u00fccret almazd\u0131. Onlar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 ocak i\u00e7inde\u00a0temin edilirdi. Sefere \u00e7\u0131kman\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi masraflar ocak taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131.\u00a0M\u00fcsellemlerin maddi destek\u00e7ileri yamaklard\u0131. M\u00fcsellemler, seferlerde yamaklar\u0131ndan\u00a0har\u00e7l\u0131k al\u0131rlard\u0131. Hizmete al\u0131nan n\u00f6betli m\u00fcsellem o senenin a\u011fnam vergisini\u00a0vermezdi.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ingene m\u00fcsellemleri, \u00c7ingene Sanca\u011f\u0131 Beyi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile g\u00f6reve \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.\u00a0Gerekti\u011fi zaman g\u00f6reve \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan \u00c7ingene m\u00fcsellemleri yap\u0131lacak i\u015fin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6re\u00a0Vize m\u00fcsellemleri, K\u0131z\u0131lca m\u00fcsellemler veya Y\u00f6r\u00fck m\u00fcsellemleri ile birlikte veya\u00a0ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak hizmet vermi\u015flerdir. \u00c7ingene m\u00fcsellemlerinin n\u00f6betlileri, ba\u015flar\u0131nda\u00a0seraskerleriyle birlikte gider, alt\u0131 ay s\u00fcren hizmetlerini g\u00f6r\u00fcrlerdi. Gerek duyuldu\u011fu\u00a0zaman ikinci n\u00f6betlileri de g\u00f6reve \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Alt\u0131 ayl\u0131k g\u00f6revlerini tamamlayan\u00a0g\u00f6revlilere hizmetlerini yapt\u0131klar\u0131na dair icazet verilirdi. \u00c7ingene m\u00fcsellemleri gerekti\u011fi\u00a0zaman kendi malzemeleri, k\u0131yafetleri, silahlar\u0131 ve hatta yiyecekleri ile g\u00f6reve giderdi.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-1645853963\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-15-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u00c7ingene m\u00fcsellemleri kendilerine verilen g\u00f6revleri yerine getirmek zorunda\u00a0idiler. G\u00f6revlendirmede, n\u00f6bet s\u0131ras\u0131 kime gelmi\u015f ise g\u00f6rev \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman o\u00a0m\u00fcsellemlerin veya m\u00fcsellemlerin g\u00f6rev yerinde olmalar\u0131 gerekmekteydi. Yap\u0131lan\u00a0yoklamalarda haz\u0131r bulunma mecburiyeti vard\u0131. Yoklamalara kat\u0131lmamak g\u00f6revi ihmal\u00a0kabul edildi\u011finden, su\u00e7 say\u0131l\u0131yordu.\u00a0G\u00f6reve gitmekte isteksizlik, zaman\u0131nda g\u00f6reve gitmeme, toplant\u0131 yerine gitti\u011fi\u00a0halde sava\u015f yerine gitmeden geri d\u00f6nme, g\u00f6rev s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6revini b\u0131rak\u0131p gitme, n\u00f6beti\u00a0geldi\u011fi halde g\u00f6revine gitmeme durumu \u00c7ingene m\u00fcsellemleri i\u00e7in su\u00e7 te\u015fkil ediyordu.\u00a0Devlet bu durumlarda \u00f6nce uyar\u0131da bulunuyor, uyar\u0131lar dikkate al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman ise\u00a0ceza\u00ee uygulamaya ba\u015fvuruyordu. \u00d6zellikle te\u015fkilat\u0131n bozulma a\u015famas\u0131nda \u00c7ingene\u00a0m\u00fcsellemleri g\u00f6revlerini ihmal etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.\u00a0Kendilerine verilen g\u00f6revi yerine getirmeyen \u00c7ingene m\u00fcsellemleri genellikle\u00a0para cezas\u0131 ve k\u00fcrek cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rm\u0131\u015flar, bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda y\u0131ll\u0131k mahsullerine el\u00a0koyma ve en son olarak da \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na gibi a\u011f\u0131r cezalara \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. G\u00f6revli\u00a0\u00c7ingenelerin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 seraskerler, sancak beyi ve kad\u0131n\u0131n takibi ile\u00a0ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilirdi. K\u00fcre\u011fe konulma cezas\u0131n\u0131n tespiti ise Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun\u2019da padi\u015fah\u00a0ad\u0131na genellikle kad\u0131askerler yapmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7ingenelerin te\u015fkilat i\u00e7indeki g\u00f6revlerini ihmal etmeleri veya yerinegetirmemeleri \u00c7ingenelerin askeri nitelikte su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda\u00a0h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, kavga, cinayet gibi su\u00e7lar da adi su\u00e7lar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na giriyordu. Bu durumda su\u00e7lu,\u00a0kad\u0131n\u0131n uygun g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc para cezas\u0131 veya v\u00fccuda uygulanacak bir ceza alabiliyordu.\u00a0Verilen para cezalar\u0131n\u0131n geliri, yar\u0131s\u0131 sancak beyine yar\u0131s\u0131 ise seraskere ayr\u0131l\u0131yordu.\u00a0\u00c7ingene \u00e7eriba\u015f\u0131 t\u0131mar\u0131nda yakalanan kulun ve cariyenin m\u00fcjdesi serbest t\u0131mar olmas\u0131\u00a0nedeniyle tamam\u0131 seraskere ait idi. Uzuv kesme veya \u00f6l\u00fcm cezalar\u0131 sancakbeyi\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan uygulan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren \u00c7ingene Te\u015fkilat\u0131, \u00f6rg\u00fct i\u00e7indeki disiplin ve\u00a0g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini kaybetti. Bu y\u0131llarda geri hizmet kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n hemen hemen hepsi\u00a0bozulmaya ve da\u011f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu geli\u015fen s\u00fcre\u00e7 sadece \u00c7ingene Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019na \u00f6zg\u00fc bir\u00a0durum de\u011fildi. Devletin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ekonomik, sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel durum geri\u00a0hizmet kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ortak kaderini belirledi.\u00a0XVII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren ulufeli ve ate\u015fli silah kullanabilecek asker\u00a0say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile t\u0131marl\u0131 sipahiler yava\u015f yava\u015f geri hizmete al\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.\u00a0Geri hizmet kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde bir de\u011fi\u015fimin sonucudur.\u00a0T\u0131marl\u0131 sipahinin geri hizmete \u00e7ekilmesi di\u011fer geri hizmet kurumlar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu\u00a0gibi \u00c7ingene te\u015fkilat\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli bir darbeydi. XVII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Yaya ve\u00a0M\u00fcsellemler gibi \u00c7ingene m\u00fcsellemleri de kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7ingene m\u00fcsellemlerinin\u00a0topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 t\u0131mar ve zeamet topra\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc,56 bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da\u00a0mukataaya ba\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u00fcsellem :<\/strong>\u00a0Orhan Gazi zaman\u0131nda vergiden muaf tutularak askerlik hizmetine al\u0131nanlard\u0131r. Sipahiler gibi\u00a0sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman sefere gider ve otuz neferi bir ocak kabul edilirdi. Bunlar da Yaya\u2019lar gibi bir\u00a0\u00e7iftlik miktar\u0131 yer alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-1078452178\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-20-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Yaya:<\/strong>\u00a0Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin kurulu\u015fu s\u0131ralar\u0131nda T\u00fcrklerden olu\u015fturulan bir s\u0131n\u0131f olan ulufeli piyade\u00a0askerlerine verilen add\u0131r. Yeni\u00e7eri Oca\u011f\u0131 kurulduktan sonra Yaya s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131, kanun\u00a0\u00fczere sava\u015fta verilen yevmiyeye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olmak \u00fczere toprak verildi. Sava\u015ftan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flerinde\u00a0ziraat ile me\u015fgul oldular. O yerde bulunan zahirenin, ba\u011f\u0131n, de\u011firmenin \u00f6\u015fr\u00fc Yaya\u2019ya verildi.\u00a0Ayr\u0131ca Yaya, koyun resmi de vermezdi. Bunlarda ocak te\u015fkilat\u0131 mevcuttu. Her ocak alt\u0131 yedi\u00a0ki\u015fiden olu\u015fuyordu ve bunlar birbirlerine yamak kaydolmu\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kaynak :\u00a0SD\u00dc Fen Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi\u00a0Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi\u00a0Aral\u0131k 2009, Say\u0131:20, ss.33-46.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"td-a-rec td-a-rec-id-content_bottom  td_uid_4_5aae113b13e3c_rand td_block_template_1\">Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi roman\u0131nda yer alan en \u00f6nemli karakterlerin hangi mitolojilerden al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 ve detayl\u0131 olarak anlatan inceleme-ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yay\u0131mland\u0131. Bug\u00fcne kadar say\u0131s\u0131z ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131ld\u0131. Kitaplar, makaleler yaz\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak tam anlam\u0131yla de\u015fifre edilemedi. Bu konuda rehber bir kitap olacak. K\u0131sacas\u0131, Tolkien\u2019in roman\u0131 yazarken yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kokteyli nas\u0131l haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6receksiniz. Bunun yan\u0131nda T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn di\u011fer k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerle olan derin ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 da.<\/div>\n<div id=\"bghab-1955360028\" class=\"bghab-yazi-altinda bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- bghaber-yaz\u0131-sonu -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"4222328180\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div><br style=\"clear: both; display: block; float: none;\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c7ingeneler roman ve \u015fiirlere konu edilmelerine ve sosyolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan incelenmelerine\u00a0ra\u011fmen \u00a0tarih\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan pek fazla ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde \u00c7ingeneler ba\u015fka\u00a0devletlerde g\u00f6rmedi\u011fimiz bir stat\u00fcye tabi tutulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":28537,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_seo_schema_type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28536","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yasam"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc2PfJ-7qg","jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/osmanlida-cingeneler.jpg?fit=600%2C405&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28536","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28536"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28536\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28537"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28536"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28536"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28536"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}