Rumeli\u2019de T\u00fcrk\u00e7e e\u011fitimin k\u00f6kleri Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemine dayan\u0131r. Daha Osmanl\u0131lar zaman\u0131nda e\u011fitim bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul\u2019dan sonra Rumeli gelmekteydi. Tanzimat y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131lan modern T\u00fcrk r\u00fc\u015ftiyeleri (T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk r\u00fc\u015ftiye okulu 1834\u2019te a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r) \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun bu kanad\u0131nda da a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u0130slahat d\u00f6neminde (1856-1876) reformlar yap\u0131larak T\u00fcrk e\u011fitim sisteminde bir geli\u015fme ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nXIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lan geli\u015fmeleri Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin bir eyaleti olan Bulgaristan\u2019da da g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu topraklar\u0131n \u00e7ok erken d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine kat\u0131lmas\u0131, buralarda yo\u011fun bir T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusun bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0130stanbul\u2019un bu b\u00f6lgeye \u00e7ok yak\u0131n olmas\u0131 gibi fakt\u00f6rler buradaki T\u00fcrklerin e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fmesinde belirleyici rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tuna ve Edirne vil\u00e2yetlerinin k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezleri olan Filibe, Rus\u00e7uk, Varna, Berkof\u00e7a vb. belli ba\u015fl\u0131 \u015fehirlerde s\u00f6z konusu vil\u00e2yetlerin kurulu\u015fundan \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131lan r\u00fc\u015ftiyelerde yeni y\u00f6ntemler uygulanarak e\u011fitimde ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun \u00fclk\u00fcc\u00fc \u00f6\u011fretmenleri ve ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 da bu b\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrk e\u011fitimine hizmet etmi\u015flerdir.
\nOsmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131 olan Bulgarlar\u0131n da l\u00e2ik okullar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ayn\u0131 y\u0131llara rastlar. \u0130lk l\u00e2ik Bulgar okulu XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n otuzlu y\u0131llar\u0131 ortalar\u0131nda (1835) a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r ve K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra (\u0130slahat d\u00f6neminde) b\u00f6yle okullar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 h\u0131zla artar . Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen reformlar ve T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n da ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc, Bulgarlar\u0131n e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kalk\u0131nmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynar\uf061.Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131ndan (1877-1878) \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 (1944) Sonuna Kadar Bulgaristan\u2019da T\u00fcrk Okullar\u0131
\nI. 1878-1918 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131 D\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrk Okullar\u0131<\/p>\n
Bulgar Prensli\u011fi kurulduktan sonra bu topraklarda kalan T\u00fcrkler \u00e7o\u011funluk durumundayken az\u0131nl\u0131k durumuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri g\u00fc\u00e7 pek \u00e7ok sorunla y\u00fcz y\u00fcze b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Bulgarlar, bir yandan Ruslar\u0131n sava\u015f aylar\u0131nda ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toprak reformunu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, T\u00fcrklerin topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131, mal\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fc ya\u011fma etmi\u015f, \u00f6te yandan da n\u00fcfus ihtil\u00e2lini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirerek T\u00fcrkleri kitle h\u00e2linde g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Str. Dimitrov\u2019dan edinilen bilgiye g\u00f6re 1883\u2019te yap\u0131lan n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131nda Yantra nehri do\u011fusundaki b\u00f6lgelerde \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu yine T\u00fcrklerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcnce \u201cBu Bulgaristan m\u0131d\u0131r, yoksa de\u011fil midir?\u201d sorusu o zaman\u0131n idarecilerini harekete ge\u00e7irir ve kitle h\u00e2linde g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 karar\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131r .
\nSava\u015ftan sonraki y\u0131llarda Bulgarlar\u0131n T\u00fcrklere ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, T\u00fcrk halk\u0131 Bulgar Devletine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehlike olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r ve Devlet bu halktan kurtulmal\u0131d\u0131r d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi giderek Bulgar halk\u0131 aras\u0131na yay\u0131l\u0131r ve \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olur. Son haddine ula\u015fan bu nefret ve negativizm, bilin\u00e7li olarak Bulgar edebiyat\u0131 ve Bulgar bas\u0131n\u0131yla da devaml\u0131 beslenir .
\nBu ko\u015fullarda T\u00fcrk e\u011fitim sisteminin yeniba\u015ftan bir d\u00fczene konulmas\u0131 hi\u00e7 de kolay olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6\u011fretmenler ve \u00f6teki ayd\u0131nlar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlanm\u0131\u015f, okullara \u00f6\u011fretmen bulmak cidd\u00ee bir sorun olmu\u015ftur. Bu topraklarda kalanlar kollar\u0131 ba\u011fl\u0131 durmam\u0131\u015f, Berlin Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (Temmuz 1878) ve Bulgaristan Anayasas\u0131nca sa\u011flanan haklar do\u011frultusunda T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geleneklerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.
\nE\u011fitimin temel ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri, insan\u0131n kimlik ve ki\u015fili\u011fini kurma, geli\u015ftirme, onu tam insan k\u0131lmad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 da bunun bilincinde olarak e\u011fitime canla ba\u015fla sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130lk yapacaklar\u0131 i\u015f, ayakta kalabilmi\u015f okullar\u0131 tamir etmek, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 okul \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131na toplamak, kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f T\u00fcrk r\u00fc\u015ftiyelerini a\u00e7t\u0131rmak ve \u00f6\u011fretmen bulmak olmu\u015ftur.
\n1880\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok okulun ve r\u00fc\u015ftiyelerin de a\u00e7\u0131lmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131yla \u00f6\u011fretmen ihtiyac\u0131 daha da artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130statistiklerde T\u00fcrk-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin \u00f6\u011fretim durumu hakk\u0131nda \u015fu bilgileri buluyoruz:
\n1894\/95 Ders Y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00d6\u011fretmenlerin \u00d6\u011frenim Durumu<\/p>\n
\u0130lkokoul mezunu 738
\nMedrese mezunu 565
\nR\u00fc\u015ftiye mezunu 134
\nLiseye gitmi\u015f olan 9
\nLise mezunu –
\nBilinmeyen 14
\nToplam: 1460<\/p>\n
\u0130lk a\u00e7\u0131lan r\u00fc\u015ftiyelerde \u00f6\u011frenim 4 y\u0131ld\u0131. Muallim-i Evvel denen okul m\u00fcd\u00fcrleri, ba\u015f\u00f6\u011fretmenler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den g\u00f6nderiliyor, ayl\u0131klar\u0131 da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den veriliyordu.
\nBulgaristan\u2019da \u00f6nemli tarih\u00ee olaylar T\u00fcrklerin e\u011fitimini olumsuz etkilemi\u015ftir. 1908 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyet il\u00e2n edildi. Bulgaristan bu f\u0131rsattan yararlanarak tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 il\u00e2n etti ve b\u00f6ylelikle art\u0131k T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye hi\u00e7bir ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kalmad\u0131. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Bulgaristan, Prensli\u011fe son vererek \u00c7arl\u0131k (Krall\u0131k) oldu. 1909 tarihinde \u0130stanbul\u2019da Bulgar \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131nda imzalanan Protokolle T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f oldu. Bu Protokole Bulgaristan T\u00fcrk-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman okullar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir de S\u00f6zle\u015fme eklendi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Bulgarlar yeni bir Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Yasas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmakla T\u00fcrk \u00f6zel okullar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir darbe indirmi\u015f oldu. Resm\u00ee okullarla (Bulgar devlet okullar\u0131yla) \u00f6zel okullar (T\u00fcrk toplulu\u011fun \u00f6zel okullar\u0131) aras\u0131ndaki denklik kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6zel okuldan mezun olanlar bundan b\u00f6yle \u00f6\u011frenimini resm\u00ee okulda s\u00fcrd\u00fcremeyecekti. Resm\u00ee okulda \u00f6\u011frenimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek isteyenler ya da herhangi bir sanat sahibi olmak isteyenler gerekli ek s\u0131navlar\u0131 vermek zorunlulu\u011funda b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yordu. T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmenler ise resm\u00ee okullarda \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapan Bulgar meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sosyal haklardan tamamen yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yordu. T\u00fcrk \u00f6zel okullar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapabilmek i\u00e7in Bulgar vatanda\u015f\u0131 olmak gerekecekti, yani bundan b\u00f6yle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den \u00f6\u011fretmen getirilemeyecekti. T\u00fcrk-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman okullar\u0131na haz\u0131rlanacak ders kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 Bulgaristan Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 onaylayacakt\u0131, yani bundan b\u00f6yle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den ders kitab\u0131 da getirilemeyecekti. Yeni E\u011fitim Yasas\u0131na uymayan T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131 kapat\u0131lacakt\u0131.
\nBu olumsuz geli\u015fmelerin ard\u0131ndan bir de Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 patlak verdi. Doksan\u00fc\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131ndan hen\u00fcz yaralar\u0131 kapanmam\u0131\u015f olan Bulgaristan T\u00fcrk\u00fcne Balkan Sava\u015f\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fck yaralar a\u00e7t\u0131. Trakya ve Rodoplar Osmanl\u0131 Devletinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Bu sava\u015f, Rodoplar\u2019daki T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131 \u00fczerine deh\u015fet etki yapt\u0131. T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131 yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131, gasp edildi. \u00d6\u011fretmenlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, kalan\u0131 da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7e zorland\u0131.
\nBuraya kadar s\u00f6ylenenleri k\u0131saca \u00f6zetleyecek olursak \u015funu belirtmeliyiz: 1878-1918 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 d\u00f6nem bir\u00e7ok asker\u00ee ve politik olaylarla doludur. Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 (1877\/78), Do\u011fu Rumeli\u2019nin Bulgar Prensli\u011fine kat\u0131lmas\u0131 (1885), T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyetin il\u00e2n\u0131ndan yararlanarak Bulgaristan\u2018\u0131n da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 il\u00e2n etmesi, Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 (1912-1913), Balkanlar\u2019da yeni yeni devletlerin kurulmas\u0131, kitle h\u00e2linde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7ler, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 hep Rumeli T\u00fcrk\u00fcn\u00fcn aleyhine olmu\u015f h\u00fcz\u00fcnl\u00fc tarih\u00ee ger\u00e7eklerdir. B\u00f6yle geli\u015fen olaylar T\u00fcrk e\u011fitimini de k\u00f6k\u00fcnden sarsm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu y\u00fczden Doksan\u00fc\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131ndan Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar uzanan 40 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir d\u00f6nemde Bulgaristan T\u00fcrklerinin e\u011fitimi ortaokul d\u00fczeyinde kalm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6\u011fretmen yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in herhangi bir \u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tabi\u00ee, Bulgar liselerinde (\u00f6zel \u00f6\u011frenci olarak), \u0130stanbul\u2019da ve baz\u0131 Avrupa \u015fehirlerinde okuyan T\u00fcrk gen\u00e7leri olmu\u015f, Sofya \u00dcniversitesini bitirenler de olmu\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrklerin bir ayd\u0131n z\u00fcmresi olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Bu ayd\u0131n z\u00fcmrenin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturan \u00f6\u011fretmenler T\u00fcrk e\u011fitimini, edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 ve bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak, \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin, okul kurullar\u0131n\u0131n (mektep enc\u00fcmenlerinin), ayd\u0131n z\u00fcmrenin t\u00fcm \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, halk kitlesini olu\u015fturan T\u00fcrklerin \u00f6\u011frenimi s\u00f6n\u00fck ve ortaokul d\u00fczeyinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nBaz\u0131 Bulgar bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda s\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrklerin Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n mill\u00ee g\u00fcvenli\u011fine art\u0131k herhangi bir tehlike olu\u015fturmayan \u201ckendi ortam\u0131nda ve kendi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kalmay\u0131 tercih eden, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n geleneksel ritmine d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na kolayl\u0131kla imk\u00e2n vermeyen, imtiyaz\u0131 olmayan, siyas\u00ee partileri olmayan, olduk\u00e7a geri kalm\u0131\u015f, ancak Devlete ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yaratmayan bir etnik topluluk\u201d olarak kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgulanmaktad\u0131r .<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk Muallimler (\u00d6\u011fretmenler) Birli\u011finin Bulgaristan T\u00fcrlerinin E\u011fitim ve K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Kalk\u0131nmas\u0131nda Yeri
\nBulgarlar\u0131n oldu\u011fu gibi, T\u00fcrklerin de bir T\u00fcrk Muallimler (\u00d6\u011fretmenler) Birli\u011fi (Derne\u011fi) kurmas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc en \u00f6nce Filibe\u2019de \u201cMuvazene\u201d gazetesini \u00e7\u0131karan Filibe do\u011fumlu Ali Fehmi ortaya atar. Gen\u00e7 (J\u00f6n) T\u00fcrklerden olan Ali Fehmi, \u0130stanbul\u2019da M\u00fclkiye\u2019de (Siyasal Bilgiler Okulunda) okumu\u015f, Sultan Hamid\u2019in idaresinden ka\u00e7\u0131p Filibe\u2019ye yerle\u015fmi\u015fti. Ali Fehmi\u2019nin bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, \u00f6teki ayd\u0131nlarca da benimsenir ve b\u00fcy\u00fck destek bulur.
\n1906 y\u0131l\u0131nda Birlik, Muallimin-i \u0130sl\u00e2miyye Cemiyet-i \u0130ttihadiyesi\u201d ad\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flar, y\u0131llarca kongreler d\u00fczenleyerek geli\u015fir. Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n her b\u00f6lgesinde hemen hemen her y\u0131l d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f kongrelerde T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131, T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmenleri, T\u00fcrk e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretimiyle ilgili \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli kararlar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, Bulgar makamlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bir\u00e7ok sorunlar\u0131n halledilmesi \u0131srarla istenmi\u015ftir.
\nT\u00fcrk \u00d6\u011fretmenler Birli\u011fi, okullarda yeni y\u00f6ntemlerin uygulanmas\u0131nda, \u00e7a\u011fa uygun m\u00fcfredat programlar\u0131 ve ders kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck hizmetlerde bulunmu\u015ftur. Yeni ders kitaplar\u0131nda Bulgaristan ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131lar\u0131yla birlikte T\u00fcrkiye sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da \u00e7ocuklara uygun eserlerine geni\u015f yer verilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6\u011frencilere ait g\u00fczel \u015fiirler, sahne eserleri yazm\u0131\u015flar, mill\u00ee ruhu ok\u015fayan \u015fark\u0131lar \u00f6\u011fretmi\u015flerdir. T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ruh yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapan \u00f6\u011fretmendir, benli\u011fini, kimli\u011fini yo\u011furan \u00f6\u011fretmendir. \u00d6\u011fretmenler ve okul kurullar\u0131nda g\u00f6rev alanlar, \u00d6\u011fretmenler Birli\u011finin yay\u0131n organ\u0131 \u201cTerbiye Oca\u011f\u0131\u201d (sonra \u201cMuallimler Mecmuas\u0131\u201d) dergisinde devaml\u0131 yaz\u0131lar yazarak, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc zorluklara g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs gererek T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmenlerinin haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f e\u011fitimden yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7abalam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kongrelerde t\u00fcrl\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr sorunlar\u0131 da tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yolu aranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nT\u00fcrk \u00d6\u011fretmenler Birli\u011finin \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan biri de \u00f6\u011fretmenlere yaz aylar\u0131nda \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f \u015fehirlerde olgunla\u015fma kurslar\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek olmu\u015ftur. Filibe, Aydos, Plevne, Razgrat, Varna, Dobri\u00e7, Silistre gibi onbir \u015fehirde eski y\u00f6ntemden yeni y\u00f6nteme ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in \u00f6\u011fretmenler bu kurslarda haz\u0131rl\u0131k g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir.
\n\u0130lerici, yenilik\u00e7i bir e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olan T\u00fcrk \u00d6\u011fretmenler Birli\u011fi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Atat\u00fcrk reformlar\u0131n\u0131n da ate\u015fli savuncusu olmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015fm\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fck ve m\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fckler Atat\u00fcrk reformlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir tutum alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yeni T\u00fcrk alfabesinin Bulgaristan\u2019da da uygulanmas\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelince tutucularla yenilik\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flad\u0131. T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmenler Birli\u011fi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yeni harflerin resmen kabul edilmesini beklemeden 1928 Temmuzunda Lom kasabas\u0131nda d\u00fczenledi\u011fi Kongresinde Bulgaristan T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131nda da yeni T\u00fcrk alfabesiyle \u00f6\u011fretime ba\u015flanmas\u0131na karar verdi. Bu karara uyarak Filibeli \u00f6\u011fretmenlerden Ahmet \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Bey, yeni harflerle \u201cBulgaristan T\u00fcrk Mekteplerine Mahsus\u201d bir alfabe kitab\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131 ve bu kitap Hask\u00f6y\u2019de bas\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6\u011fretmenler Birli\u011fi bu alfabeyle ayn\u0131 y\u0131l \u00f6\u011fretime ge\u00e7ti. Daha se\u00e7kin \u00f6\u011fretmenler yeni harflerle ders kitaplar\u0131 haz\u0131rlayarak bunlar\u0131 Filibe\u2019de \u201cTefeyyuz\u201d ve \u201cZerafet\u201d, Sofya\u2019da \u201c\u00dcmit\u201d, \u015eumnu\u2019da \u201cTerakki\u201d bas\u0131m evlerinde yay\u0131mlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.
\nYeni yaz\u0131yla \u00f6\u011fretim ba\u015flarken, ayn\u0131 zamanda yeni yaz\u0131 kurslar\u0131 da d\u00fczenlendi ve genci ya\u015fl\u0131s\u0131, kad\u0131n\u0131 erke\u011fi yeni harfleri \u00f6\u011freniyorlard\u0131. T\u00fcm bu hay\u0131rl\u0131 i\u015flerin ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretmenler bulunuyordu. T\u00fcrk \u00d6\u011fretmenler Birli\u011finin e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131ndaki ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 Bulgar y\u00f6neticileri \u00e7ok rahats\u0131z etti ve 1934\u2019te Bulgar h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan bu Birlik kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n
II. Birinci ve \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015flar\u0131 Aras\u0131 Y\u0131llarda Bulgaristan\u2019da T\u00fcrk Okullar\u0131
\n\u0130ki D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde de Bulgaristan T\u00fcrklerinin ilkokullar\u0131, r\u00fc\u015ftiyeleri ve medreseleri varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte ve \u00f6\u011fretim T\u00fcrk dilinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmekteydi. Bu okullardaki e\u011fitim sistemi T\u00fcrkiye e\u011fitim sistemiyle paralel bir bi\u00e7imde geli\u015fmekteydi. T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131 \u00f6zel stat\u00fcde olmaya devam etmekte ve mektep enc\u00fcmenleri (okul kurullar\u0131) taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmekteydiler.
\nSava\u015ftan sonra Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda bir hayli de\u011fi\u015fikler oldu. \u0130ktidara gelen \u00c7ift\u00e7i Partisi (1919-1923) bir\u00e7ok alanda reformlar yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. E\u011fitim sisteminde liberalle\u015fmeye, Bulgarcan\u0131n iml\u00e2s\u0131nda basitle\u015ftirilmeye gidildi. Bulgaristan e\u011fitiminde yap\u0131lan reformlar T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131n\u0131 da kapsam\u0131na almaktayd\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7ift\u00e7i Partisinin lideri ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ba\u015fbakan\u0131 olan Aleksand\u0131r Stamboliyski\u2019nin imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Neully Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131, Bulgaristan T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn mill\u00ee haklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\nAl. Stamboliyski H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakan\u0131 Stoyan Omar\u00e7evski\u2019nin 21 Temmuz 1921 tarihinde \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni bir mill\u00ee e\u011fitim yasas\u0131nda T\u00fcrklerin e\u011fitimiyle ilgili \u015f\u00f6yle yenilikler vard\u0131: T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131 i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir ba\u015fm\u00fcfetti\u015f atanacakt\u0131r; ba\u015fm\u00fcfetti\u015f, \u00f6teki ba\u015fm\u00fcfetti\u015fler gibi g\u00f6rev ve yetkilere sahip olacakt\u0131r; T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda gereken her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yard\u0131m sa\u011flanacakt\u0131r; T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u201cokul fonlar\u0131\u201d olu\u015fturulacakt\u0131r gibi.
\nBakan St. Omar\u00e7evski, \u015fimdiye kadar \u201cT\u00fcrk okullar\u0131 sadece vak\u0131f mallar\u0131, T\u00fcrk toplumundan toplanan paralar, devletin ve belediyelerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok az yard\u0131mlarla ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, bu y\u00fczden de geri kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131\u2026\u201d diyordu ve bundan b\u00f6yle T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131na da gereken yard\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurguluyordu. St. Omar\u00e7evski, g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi genelgelerde Bulgarlardan sonra en b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fcfus oran\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrklerin olu\u015fturdu\u011funu hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor ve ge\u00e7mi\u015f Bulgar h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok ihmal ettiklerini belirtiyordu.
\n\u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden, devletin deste\u011fi ile baz\u0131 okul binalar\u0131 in\u015fa edildi, parasal sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturma amac\u0131yla baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131na da tarla, \u00e7ay\u0131r, koru vb. gelir kaynaklar\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131, k\u0131smen de olsa devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esinden tahsisat ayr\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 artmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bakanl\u0131kta T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131na ba\u015fm\u00fcfetti\u015f olarak se\u00e7kin gazeteci ve e\u011fitimci Ethem Ruhi g\u00f6revine ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130lk yap\u0131lan i\u015flerden biri, \u00f6nceleri haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f m\u00fcfredat program\u0131n\u0131 bir komisyon taraf\u0131ndan yeniden incelenerek y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konmas\u0131 oldu. B\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrk okul programlar\u0131nda birlik sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f oldu.
\nDevlet T\u00fcrk \u00d6\u011fretmen Okulu ve N\u00fcvvab Okulunun da a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 yine \u00c7ift\u00e7i H\u00fck\u00fcmeti zaman\u0131na rastlar. Bu iki okul T\u00fcrk e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn geli\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u00c7ift\u00e7i H\u00fck\u00fcmeti T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, e\u011fitimin daha sa\u011flam temellere oturtulmas\u0131, T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131yla Bulgar okullar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizli\u011fin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin daha bir s\u0131ra kararlar alm\u0131\u015f ve gelecekte bunlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesine gidebilece\u011fine T\u00fcrk halk\u0131 da inanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n %80\u2019i k\u00f6yl\u00fcyd\u00fc ve se\u00e7imlerde \u00c7ift\u00e7i Partisini destekleyebilirdi. Ancak \u00c7ift\u00e7i H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aleyhine \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasalar da vard\u0131. Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakan\u0131 St. Omar\u00e7evski, T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131na T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den ders kitab\u0131 getirilmesine kesinlikle kar\u015f\u0131yd\u0131 ve eski e\u011fitim yasalar\u0131nda var olan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den Kitap Getirmeyi Yasak eden maddeyi kendinin \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni e\u011fitim yasas\u0131nda da aynen b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmetin orijinal fikirlerinden biri de emek m\u00fckellefiyeti (Zakon za trudova povinnost) idi. Bu yasaya g\u00f6re T\u00fcrk-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman gen\u00e7ler bundan b\u00f6yle askerlik hizmetlerini birer emek eri olarak yapacaklard\u0131.
\n9 Haziran 1923 tarihinde bir asker\u00ee darbeyle \u00c7ift\u00e7i iktidar\u0131na son verildi ve Al. Stamboliyski \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Y\u00f6netim, Demokratik Birli\u011fi denilen koalisyon h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin eline ge\u00e7ti. Stamboliyski H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 reformlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funa son verildi. T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 giderek azald\u0131, bu okullara sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f yard\u0131mlar kesildi.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk\u00e7e E\u011fitimin Karanl\u0131k D\u00f6nemi. Okullar\u0131n Kapat\u0131lmas\u0131
\n19 May\u0131s 1934\u2019te darbeyle iktidara gelen dikta rejim, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 bir politika izlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130ktidar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca amac\u0131 T\u00fcrk toplulu\u011funu cahil b\u0131rakmakt\u0131. Bu amaca eri\u015febilmek i\u00e7in de her t\u00fcrl\u00fc y\u00f6ntem kullan\u0131ld\u0131.
\n1920\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131nda Bulgaristan T\u00fcrklerinde bir uyan\u0131\u015f hareketi ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131nda bir art\u0131\u015f olmu\u015ftu. 1926\/27 ders y\u0131l\u0131nda resm\u00ee istatistiklere g\u00f6re T\u00fcrklerin 1336 ilk, 35 orta ve 9 medrese okulu mevcut olup 63,557 \u00f6\u011frenci ile 2188 \u00f6\u011fretmen bulunmaktayd\u0131. Bu resm\u00ee verilere T\u00fcrk okul kurullar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131, ancak h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan hen\u00fcz resmen tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f daha 500-600 okul da eklenirse, T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 3000\u2019e yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir .
\n1928\/29 ders y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131nda bir azalma ba\u015flad\u0131. Bir yandan T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrken, \u00f6te yandan kapat\u0131lmayan okullara mektep enc\u00fcmenlerine hi\u00e7 sormadan Bulgar \u00f6\u011fretmenler atanm\u0131\u015f ve bunlara T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 maa\u015f\u0131n iki kat\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu enc\u00fcmenler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6denmesi h\u00fckm\u00fc getirilmi\u015ftir. Bu durumda bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmen, okul d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ba\u015f\u00f6\u011fretmenlerin yerini de Bulgar \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin almas\u0131yla T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131n\u0131n idaresi tamamen Bulgarlar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f oluyordu. Bulgar \u00f6\u011fretmenler pedagojik karakteri olmayan daha birtak\u0131m i\u015flerle g\u00f6revlendirilerek T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131na atan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bulgar dili, Bulgar tarihi ve co\u011frafya \u00f6\u011fretmenlerinin bu okullarda \u201cDevletin g\u00f6z\u00fc ve kula\u011f\u0131\u201d olmalar\u0131 isteniyordu .
\nBulgar M\u00fcfetti\u015fler de t\u00fcrl\u00fc sebepler ortaya atarak y\u00fczlerce T\u00fcrk okulunu kapatmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. T\u00fcm bu adaletsizlikler, haks\u0131zl\u0131klar T\u00fcrklerin tepkisine neden oldu. 31 Ekim \u2013 3 Kas\u0131m 1929\u2019da Sofya\u2019da toplanan Bulgaristan T\u00fcrklerinin Birinci Mill\u00ee Kongresi T\u00fcrk e\u011fitiminin sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmi\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok kararlar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak T\u00fcrklerin sesini duyan olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n19 May\u0131s 1934 h\u00fck\u00fcmet darbesinden sonra iktidara gelen fa\u015fist y\u00f6netici \u00e7evreler, T\u00fcrk e\u011fitimine en karanl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nOsmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminden \u201cizlerin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d i\u00e7in 1934\u2019te T\u00fcrk\u00e7e k\u00f6kenli yer adlar\u0131 da Bulgarca yer adlar\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir\uf062.
\nOkullar\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve mill\u00eele\u015ftirilmesi (Bulgar okuluna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi), yenilik\u00e7i T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmenlere ve okul enc\u00fcmenlerine deh\u015fet bask\u0131lar, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlamalar \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131na kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fiddetiyle devam etmi\u015ftir.
\n1936\/37 ders y\u0131l\u0131na k\u0131yasla 1943\/44 ders y\u0131l\u0131nda okullar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 %40, \u00f6\u011fretmen say\u0131s\u0131 da %41 azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00fczlerce T\u00fcrk okulu kapat\u0131l\u0131nca, binlerce \u00e7ocuk okul d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1941\/44 Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde zorunlu e\u011fitime t\u00e2bi tutulan T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ancak \u00fc\u00e7te biri okula devam edebilmi\u015f, \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi de okul d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Okula gidebilenlerin de \u00e7o\u011funun e\u011fitimi din\u00ee e\u011fitim \u00e7er\u00e7evesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda okuma yazma bilmeyenlerin oran\u0131 olduk\u00e7a artm\u0131\u015f, k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131nda gerileme geni\u015f boyutlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r .
\nBulgar h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131lan t\u00fcm zorluklara ra\u011fmen, Birinci ve \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrk gen\u00e7leri \u00f6zel \u00f6\u011frenci olarak ya da s\u0131navla girerek lise ve lise d\u00fczeyli Bulgar okullar\u0131nda, yabanc\u0131 dilde e\u011fitim yapan \u00f6zel kolejlerde \u00f6\u011frenimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fler ve bir\u00e7oklar\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130statistiklerde 1931-1932 ders y\u0131l\u0131nda Bulgar okullar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6ren T\u00fcrklerin say\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u015fu bilgileri buluyoruz :<\/p>\n
1. Bulgar Liselerinde:
\nErkek Liselerinde: 30
\nK\u0131z Liselerinde: 17
\nKarma Liselerde: 19
\n2. Tam Lise D\u00fczeyinde
\nOlmayan Okullarda: 24
\n3. \u00d6\u011fretmen Okullar\u0131nda: 13
\nToplam: 103<\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nder Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn tavsiyesi \u00fczere Edirne \u00d6\u011fretmen Okulunda Filibe, Hask\u00f6y, Eski Za\u011fra, Varna, Zi\u015ftovi (Svi\u015ftov) gibi \u015fehirlerden T\u00fcrk erkek ve k\u0131zlar\u0131 gelerek \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Daha sonraki y\u0131llarda bu gen\u00e7lerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapm\u0131\u015f, baz\u0131lar\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e gazete ve dergi \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6ylelikle T\u00fcrk e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne hizmette bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Cafer Tayyar Pa\u015fa ordusundan Bulgaristan\u2019a ge\u00e7ip G\u00fcney Bulgaristan\u2019a yerle\u015ftirilen ve ge\u00e7imlerini sa\u011flayabilecek \u00e7areler arayan T\u00fcrk subaylar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131 da \u00c7ift\u00e7i Partisi H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin izniyle T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yaparak T\u00fcrk e\u011fitimine katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r . \u00d6rne\u011fin Filibe\u2019ye yerle\u015ftirilenlerden iki subay Filibe\u2019nin yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunan Kri\u00e7im T\u00fcrk okulunda \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r . Bu subaylar aras\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmenler Birli\u011finin K\u0131zanl\u0131k\u2019ta d\u00fczenledi\u011fi Kongreye kat\u0131lanlar da olmu\u015ftur .
\nSofya \u00dcniversitesinde de \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6ren T\u00fcrk gen\u00e7leri olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin Bulgar Prensli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde (1878-1908) Sofya \u00dcniversitesinden mezun olan T\u00fcrklerin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 iken \u00c7arl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde (1908-1944) say\u0131lar\u0131 on bire \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve bunlardan d\u00f6rd\u00fc bayand\u0131r :
\nBat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde de \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6ren T\u00fcrk gen\u00e7leri olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrk vak\u0131f ve k\u0131raathanelerinin yard\u0131m\u0131yla bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinin k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezlerinde okumu\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin bat\u0131 \u00fclkeleriyle tuz ticareti yapan ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir madd\u00ee servete sahip olan Vidinli Halil ve \u0130brahim Efendi karde\u015flerin k\u0131raathane ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri kurulu\u015f asl\u0131nda bir vak\u0131ft\u0131. Bu kurulu\u015f ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6\u011frencilere madd\u00ee destek ve burs sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f, bir\u00e7o\u011funu Bulgaristan\u2019da okutmu\u015f, baz\u0131 gen\u00e7leri de bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerine \u00f6\u011frenime g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir.
\nT\u00fcrklerin e\u011fitimi ve T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin durumu \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonuna kadar i\u015fte b\u00f6yle devam etmi\u015ftir .<\/p>\n
\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan Bu Yana T\u00fcrk\u00e7e E\u011fitimde \u00d6nemli Geli\u015fmeler
\nI. Totaliter Sosyalizm D\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e E\u011fitimde Y\u00fckseli\u015f ve \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fler
\n8 Eyl\u00fcl 1944\u2019te K\u0131z\u0131lordu Bulgaristan topraklar\u0131na girince hemen ertesi g\u00fcn (9 Eyl\u00fcl 1944\u2019te) Sofya\u2019da Vatan Cephesi H\u00fck\u00fcmeti kuruldu. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmet T\u00fcrklere de e\u015fit haklara sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Aral\u0131k 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n temsilcileri olarak 200 delege Sofya\u2019da topland\u0131, Vatan Cephesini destekleme karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131. T\u00fcrk Vatan Cephesi Kongresi niteli\u011finde d\u00fczenlenen bu toplant\u0131da T\u00fcrk ayd\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesi gereken sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydular. Yeni rejimin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda birtak\u0131m i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f fakt\u00f6rlerin etkisiyle T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na da sosyal, e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alanda kalk\u0131nma olanaklar\u0131 sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131 vaatlerinde bulunuldu .
\n\u00dclkede Sovyet modeli bir e\u011fitim sistemine ge\u00e7ildi. Bulgar e\u011fitiminde ba\u015flat\u0131lan k\u00f6kl\u00fc reformlar T\u00fcrklerin e\u011fitimini de etkiledi. \u00d6zel stat\u00fcde bulunan T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131 devletle\u015ftirildi, Bulgar ve T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131ndan mezun olanlar\u0131n diplomalar\u0131na denklik yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na Bulgar okullar\u0131nda da okuma hakk\u0131 verildi. Devletle\u015ftirilmi\u015f de olsa bunlar T\u00fcrk okulu olarak varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 (1959\u2019a kadar) s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. E\u011fitim yine eskisi gibi genel olarak ve \u00f6zellikle ilkokullarda T\u00fcrk dilinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyordu.
\nT\u00fcrk okullar\u0131 devletle\u015ftirilince zorunlu temel \u00f6\u011fretim (ilk\u00f6\u011fretim) yasas\u0131 T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na da daha titizlikle uygulanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu yeni durum \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 Bulgar h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerince ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiriyordu. Devletle\u015ftirildikleri tarihte T\u00fcrk iptidai ve r\u00fc\u015ftiye (ilk ve orta) okullar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 413 iken bunlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 giderek artmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve 1957\/58 ders y\u0131l\u0131nda 1156\u2019ya y\u00fckseldi. \u00d6\u011frencilerin say\u0131s\u0131 da 110 000\u2019i buldu. Ancak okul say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131 yeni okul binalar\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 demek de\u011fildi. T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmen okul ve baz\u0131 liselerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015f birka\u00e7 yeni okul binas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, ilk\u00f6\u011fretim okullar\u0131 genellikle eski durumda kald\u0131 ve yetersizdi.
\nT\u00fcrk okullar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011frenci say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, \u00f6\u011fretmen ve ders kitaplar\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 da beraberinde getirdi. Sava\u015ftan sonra T\u00fcrklerin yo\u011fun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde okuma yazma kurslar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. D\u00fczenlenmi\u015f bu kurslara \u00f6\u011fretmen bulmak ise kolay olmad\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kom\u00fcnist y\u00f6neticilerce \u201cuygun\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen bir\u00e7ok \u00f6\u011fretmen okullardan tasfiye edilmi\u015fti. D\u00fczenlenen okuma yazma kurslar\u0131nda baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bilen Bulgar \u00f6\u011fretmenler ders veriyordu .
\nDevletin denetiminde bulunan T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131na \u00f6\u011fretmen yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in 1947\/48 ders y\u0131l\u0131nda Eski Za\u011fra\u2019da (Stara Zagora\u2019da) d\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k bir T\u00fcrk \u00d6\u011fretmen Okulu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve ders kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131. Bundan b\u00f6yle okul kitaplar\u0131 haz\u0131rlama ve bast\u0131rma i\u015fini Bulgaristan Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcstlendi.
\nBulgar Kom\u00fcnistleri bir yandan okul a\u00e7makla ve birtak\u0131m ba\u015fka k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olanaklar sa\u011flamakla T\u00fcrk toplumunu kendilerine \u0131s\u0131nd\u0131rma ve kazanma yoluna giderken, \u00f6te yandan da eski devlet politikalar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7meyerek T\u00fcrkleri g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlamaya devam etmi\u015flerdir. 1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye bir g\u00f6\u00e7 ba\u015flad\u0131. T\u00fcrkler de T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131n\u0131n devletle\u015ftirilmesi, bu okullarda ateistik e\u011fitime ge\u00e7ilmesi, din\u00ee \u00e2det ve geleneklerinin giderek k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131, gayrimenkullerin ellerinden al\u0131nmas\u0131yla i\u015flerin nereye varaca\u011f\u0131 bilincinde olarak, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 gelecek karanl\u0131k g\u00fcnlerden kurtarmak i\u00e7in kitle h\u00e2linde g\u00f6\u00e7 ediyorlard\u0131. G\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye niyeti olmayan T\u00fcrk ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 da Bulgar makamlar\u0131 15 g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye zorunlu olarak g\u00f6nderiyordu. B\u00f6yle ayd\u0131nlara onbe\u015f g\u00fcnl\u00fckler ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. 1950-1951 y\u0131llar\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 155 000 T\u00fcrk T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f, 60 000 T\u00fcrk de Bulgar makamlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f vizesi alm\u0131\u015f, daha onbinlerce T\u00fcrk\u00fcn de elinde g\u00f6\u00e7 pasaportlar\u0131 vard\u0131.
\n1951\u2019de Stalin\u2019in talimat\u0131 \u00fczere g\u00f6\u00e7 durduruldu. Oysa bundan \u00f6nce Stalin Bulgarlar\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7 politikas\u0131n\u0131 destekliyordu. Geli\u015fen olaylar \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralanabilir: \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra d\u00fcnya ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve Bulgaristan Do\u011fu (Sovyet) Blokunda, T\u00fcrkiye ise Bat\u0131 Blokunda yer alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. T\u00fcrk-Bulgar devlet s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 da iki s\u00fcper g\u00fcc\u00fcn \u201ccephe hatt\u0131\u201dn\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu. Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda yo\u011fun bir T\u00fcrk topluluk ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Gerekti\u011finde bu halk, d\u00fc\u015fman taraf\u0131ndan devletin g\u00fcvenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir endi\u015fesiyle s\u0131n\u0131r boyunun T\u00fcrklerden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. 1949\u2019da o d\u00f6nemin Bulgar Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Genel Sekreteri ve Ba\u015fbakan Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 V\u0131lko \u00c7ervenkov\u2019un ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir heyet Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne resm\u00ee ziyarete gider. 28 Temmuz 1949\u2019da Stalin ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye bir g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi, Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrklerden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 konusu da ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Stalin, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye bir g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc uygun bulur, ve T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u201cg\u00fcvenilir bir unsur olmay\u0131p\u201d, Bulgarlar\u0131n bundan kurtulmas\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye eder. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar (Pomaklar) aras\u0131nda ise Ortodoks (Hristiyan) dinini yaymak i\u00e7in bir kampanya ba\u015flatmak olamaz m\u0131 fikrini ortaya atar . Aral\u0131k 1949\u2019da ve Ocak 1950\u2019de Bulgaristan Bakanlar Kurulu, Bulgar Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Merkez Komitesi Siyas\u00ee B\u00fcrosunun alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu kararlar do\u011frultusunda harekete ge\u00e7er, Kararnameler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r ve g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131r boyunun T\u00fcrklerden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye de g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi g\u00fcncel bir konu olur. Bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman aile s\u0131n\u0131r boyundan \u00fclkenin i\u00e7 kesimlerine da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 ba\u015flar. G\u00f6\u00e7 aylar\u0131nda Bulgar-T\u00fcrk s\u0131n\u0131r kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kapand\u0131\u011f\u0131 da olunca b\u00fcy\u00fck bir propaganda kampanyas\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131larak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin su\u00e7lu oldu\u011fu vurgulan\u0131r\uf063.
\nZamanla g\u00f6\u00e7 konusunda Stalin fikrini de\u011fi\u015ftirir ve 1951\u2019in ba\u015flar\u0131nda V\u0131lko \u00c7ervenkov\u2019a \u201ctavsiyede\u201d bulunarak g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn durdurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ve gelecekte T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek bir sosyalist devrim i\u00e7in Bulgaristan T\u00fcrklerinden devrimci elemanlar yeti\u015ftirilmesini ister. \u201cSo\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u201d d\u00f6neminde d\u0131\u015far\u0131da haz\u0131rlanarak, stratejik \u00f6nemi olan \u00fclkelerde sosyalist devrimi yapmak, ihtil\u00e2l ihra\u00e7 etmek Sovyet politikas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca amac\u0131yd\u0131.
\n1951\u2019de g\u00f6\u00e7 durdurulunca Moskova\u2019n\u0131n direktifiyle Bulgaristan T\u00fcrklerine okul kap\u0131lar\u0131 biraz daha geni\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve: \u201cGiden gitti, kalan kald\u0131. Bundan b\u00f6yle Bulgaristan T\u00fcrklerinin gerici, tutucu T\u00fcrkiye ile hi\u00e7bir ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmayacak\u201d dendi. T\u00fcrkiye ile Bulgaristan aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler de her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcnle k\u00f6t\u00fcye gidiyordu.
\nT\u00fcrklerin e\u011fitimi ana dilinde yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, \u201csosyalist\u201d k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini de geli\u015ftirebilmeleri i\u00e7in olanaklar sa\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131, bu az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131nda yeni bir d\u00f6nem ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 resmen bildirildi. Ancak gereken haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 elemanlar\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00fclkede T\u00fcrk dilinde e\u011fitim-\u00f6\u011fretim nas\u0131l yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131? Gelece\u011fin sosyalist T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinde \u00f6nderlik yapabilecek haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 elemanlar T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc hakk\u0131nda nas\u0131l bilgi sahibi yap\u0131labilirdi?
\n-Dil ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Bulgaristan T\u00fcrklerine en yak\u0131n Azer\u00ee T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7esi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyd\u00fc. Bununla birlikte Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n e\u011fitim, bilim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131nda y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 elemanlar\u0131 da vard\u0131. Stalin\u2019in direktifi \u00fczere Bulgaristan ile Azerbaycan aras\u0131nda yo\u011fun bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel i\u015fbirli\u011fi ba\u015flad\u0131. Azerbaycan Kom\u00fcnist Partisi Birinci Sekreteri akademi \u00fcyesi \u0130. Mustafayev\u2019in ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Moskova\u2019dan Sofya\u2019ya \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde bir heyet geldi. Bulgaristan T\u00fcrklerinin e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr sorunlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc. Bundan sonra da Azerbaycan\u2019dan heyetler, komisyonlar s\u0131k s\u0131k Bulgaristan\u2019a gelerek, T\u00fcrklerin yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeler ziyaret edildi. Ger\u00e7ek durumun \u00e7ok \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc oldu\u011fu tespit edildi ve T\u00fcrklerden de ayd\u0131nlar yeti\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in somut \u00f6nerilerde bulunuldu.
\nNereden ba\u015flanmal\u0131yd\u0131?
\n-Resm\u00ee stat\u00fcye ge\u00e7mi\u015f T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131na \u00f6\u011fretmen yeti\u015ftirilmesi sorunu, yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken i\u015flerin ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunuyordu. Yeni yeti\u015ftirilecek \u00f6\u011fretmenler onbinlerce T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocu\u011funu sosyalist ruhta, Marksist ideolojiye yatk\u0131n bir bi\u00e7imde e\u011fiteceklerdi. 1950-1951 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc eski Devlet T\u00fcrk \u00d6\u011fretmen Okulu mezunlar\u0131n\u0131, N\u00fcvvab mezunu \u00f6\u011fretmenleri ve Eski Za\u011fra T\u00fcrk \u00d6\u011fretmen Okulundan ilk mezunlar\u0131 al\u0131p T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, okullar \u00f6\u011fretmensiz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bakanlar Kurulunun 10 A\u011fustos 1951 tarihli kararnamesi do\u011frultusunda 1 Eyl\u00fcl 1951\u2019de K\u0131rcaali ve Razgrat \u015fehirlerinde T\u00fcrk anaokulu ve ilkokullar\u0131na \u00f6\u011fretmen yeti\u015ftirecek \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k birer T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmen okulu (pedagoji mektebi) a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l kapat\u0131lan Eski Za\u011fra T\u00fcrk \u00d6\u011fretmen Okulundan \u00f6\u011frenciler yeni a\u00e7\u0131lan bu iki okula da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra her iki kulda da uzaktan \u00f6\u011fretim (g\u0131yab\u00ee) s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. 5 A\u011fustos 1952\u2019de Bakanlar Kurulu T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131n\u0131n durumunu inceledi. T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131ndan da ayd\u0131n yeti\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in Sofya\u2019da bir T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmen okulu (pedagoji mektebi), Rus\u00e7uk\u2019ta bir T\u00fcrk k\u0131z lisesi, \u015eumnu\u2019da Bulgar \u00d6\u011fretmen (\u00d6n Lisans) Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 (ba\u015ftan bir y\u0131ll\u0131k, daha sonralar\u0131 iki y\u0131ll\u0131k) T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u0131n\u0131flar, Sofya \u00dcniversitesinin Filoloji, Felsefe-Tarih ve Fizik-Matematik Fak\u00fcltelerinde T\u00fcrk gen\u00e7lerine ait T\u00fcrk Filolojisi (T\u00fcrk Dili ve Edebiyat\u0131), T\u00fcrk Tarihi ve Fizik-Matematik B\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere her y\u0131l otuzar \u00f6\u011frenci al\u0131nmas\u0131 karara ba\u011fland\u0131. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerden mezun olacak olanlar, a\u00e7\u0131lmakta olan T\u00fcrk liselerinde ve baz\u0131 Bulgar liselerindeki T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u0131n\u0131flarda \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapacaklard\u0131. \u00d6\u011fretmen enstit\u00fcleri mezunlar\u0131 ortaokullarda, \u00f6\u011fretmen okulu mezunlar\u0131 da anaokulu ve ilkokullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklard\u0131. 1956 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hask\u00f6y Bulgar (\u00d6n Lisans) Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcnde de bir T\u00fcrk dili ve edebiyat\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca \u015eumnu ve Dobri\u00e7 (o d\u00f6nemde-Tolbuhin) \u015fehirlerindeki Bulgar \u00f6\u011fretmen okullar\u0131nda da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u0131n\u0131flar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 Devlet T\u00fcrk Estrat (M\u00fczikal) Tiyatrosuna ve folklor topluluklar\u0131na eleman yeti\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in 1957\/58 ders y\u0131l\u0131nda \u201cKr. Sarafov\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan Sofya Y\u00fcksek Tiyatro Sanat\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcnde iki y\u0131ll\u0131k T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Sofya \u00dcniversitesinin ba\u015fka fak\u00fcltelerinde ve \u00f6teki y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131nda, teknik ve meslek okullar\u0131nda da belirli say\u0131da T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011frenci \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu.
\nSa\u011flanan olanaklar sayesinde T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n da bir ayd\u0131nlar z\u00fcmresi olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kalk\u0131nmas\u0131nda birer \u0131\u015f\u0131k olacaklar\u0131 Bulgar y\u00f6neticiler taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131k s\u0131k vurguland\u0131.
\nBulgaristan T\u00fcrklerinin e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kalk\u0131nmas\u0131nda Azerbaycan ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck hizmetleri vard\u0131r. Azerbaycan Devlet Pedagoji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (H\u00e2len Tusi ad\u0131na Azerbaycan Devlet Pedagoji \u00dcniversitesi) Rekt\u00f6r\u00fc ve daha sonralar\u0131 Azerbaycan E\u011fitim Bakan\u0131 olan Akademi \u00dcyesi Prof. Dr. A. Aleskerov, Sofya\u2019ya gelmi\u015f ve Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakan\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk halk\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr konular\u0131nda dan\u0131\u015fman olarak g\u00f6revine ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmen okullar\u0131na ve liselerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in Azerbaycan E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Maarif Naz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131) deneyimli pedagoglar g\u00f6ndermi\u015f ve \u00f6zellikle Sofya, \u015eumnu, Razgrat ve K\u0131rcaali \u00f6\u011fretmen okullar\u0131 ve liselerinde e\u011fitimden sorumlu m\u00fcd\u00fcr yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bu pedagoglar hay\u0131rl\u0131 i\u015fler ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ders planlar\u0131 ve m\u00fcfredat programlar\u0131 Bulgaristan E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrk \u015eubesinde Prof. A. Aleskerov\u2019un ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve denetiminde, T\u00fcrk ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n da b\u00fcy\u00fck yard\u0131m\u0131yla haz\u0131rlanarak Azer\u00ee pedagoglar ve \u00f6\u011fretmenler, okullarda bunlar\u0131 uygulamaya ge\u00e7iriyordu.
\n1953\/54 ders y\u0131l\u0131nda bir Azer\u00ee bilim adamlar\u0131 ekibi Bulgaristan\u2019a gelerek Sofya \u00dcniversitesinde yeni a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011frencilerine ait b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde ders okutmu\u015flard\u0131r. Okuttuklar\u0131 dersler T\u00fcrk dilinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, bilim, dallar\u0131yla ilgili terimler \u00f6\u011frencilere T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olarak \u00f6\u011fretilirken Azer\u00ee T\u00fcrk terminolojisinden de yararlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca 1951-1956 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 30 dolay\u0131nda T\u00fcrk genci Bak\u00fc Devlet \u00dcniversitesi, Bak\u00fc Y\u00fcksek Pedagoji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ve Bak\u00fc Devlet Konservatuvar\u0131na \u00f6\u011frenime g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 bran\u015flarda gen\u00e7ler Bak\u00fc\u2019de ihtisas yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonraki y\u0131llarda birka\u00e7 Bulgaristan T\u00fcrk genci Bak\u00fc\u2019de doktora yaparak belirli bilim dallar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. K\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131nda da Azerbaycan ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n hizmeti b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr .
\nBulgaristan T\u00fcrklerinin e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alanda kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u00f6nemli at\u0131l\u0131mlar \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden meyvesini vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmenler sayesinde okullarda e\u011fitim bilimsel-pedagojik bir d\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\uf064.
\nFakat bu arada d\u00fcnya politikas\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fiklikler olmu\u015f ve ihtil\u00e2l ihra\u00e7 etme hayalleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015fememi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de bir sosyalist ihtil\u00e2lin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcnce T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa izlenen politikada b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nBulgaristan Kom\u00fcnist Partisi, az\u0131nl\u0131k politikas\u0131nda radikal bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm yapt\u0131. Bulgar kamu oyu giderek tahrik edilerek \u201cT\u00fcrkler s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z imtiyazlarla enstit\u00fc ve \u00fcniversitelere yerle\u015fti ve Bulgar gen\u00e7lerinin yerini ald\u0131lar. T\u00fcrklerin ald\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6revlerle, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 yerler Bulgarlara verilmelidir\u201d bi\u00e7iminde propagandalarla bask\u0131lar ba\u015flad\u0131 ve T\u00fcrklere verilen haklar k\u0131s\u0131tlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u00f6\u011fretmen olan T\u00fcrk ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cKemalist\u201d, \u201cPant\u00fcrkist\u201d olduklar\u0131 iddia edildi\uf065. T\u00fcrk gen\u00e7lerin okumakta oldu\u011fu \u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131 ve Sofya \u00dcniversitesinin T\u00fcrk dilinde \u00f6\u011fretim yapan b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn birer yuvas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterildi ve:
\n1. Bundan sonra Bak\u00fc\u2019ye T\u00fcrk gen\u00e7leri g\u00f6nderilmedi
\n2. A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan iki y\u0131l sonra Sofya \u00dcniversitesindeki T\u00fcrklere ait T\u00fcrk Tarihi ve Fizik-Matematik B\u00f6l\u00fcmleri Bulgar \u00f6\u011frencilerin okudu\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerle birle\u015ftirildi. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ders okutan iki Bulgaristan T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretim eleman\u0131 da \u00dcniversite d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.
\n3. Sofya \u00dcniversitesi T\u00fcrk Dili ve Edebiyat\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde T\u00fcrk gen\u00e7lerinin yeri Bulgar gen\u00e7lerine verilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk Filolojisi ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ad\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek Oryantalistik, sonralar\u0131 da T\u00fcrkoloji oldu. Burada ders okutan iki T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretim eleman\u0131 da 1959\/60 ders y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u015finden al\u0131nd\u0131.
\n4. 1957-1958 ders y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren \u00f6\u011fretmen okullar\u0131 ve liselerinde T\u00fcrk dili ve edebiyat\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda t\u00fcm derslerin Bulgarca okutulmas\u0131na ge\u00e7ildi. S\u00f6z konusu bu okullara Bulgar dilinde ders okutacak Bulgar \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin getirilmesi ve T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin i\u015flerinden al\u0131nmas\u0131 demek oluyordu.
\n5. 1957-1958 ders y\u0131l\u0131nda Sofya T\u00fcrk \u00d6\u011fretmen Okulu kapat\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011frenciler K\u0131rcaali ve Razgrat \u00f6\u011fretmen okullar\u0131na da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131.
\n6. 1958-1959 ders y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk liseleri Bulgar liseleriyle birle\u015ftirildi.
\n7. Bundan bir y\u0131l sonra, yetkili devlet makamlar\u0131n\u0131n herhangi bir resm\u00ee karar\u0131 hen\u00fcz yokken, okullar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde 1959-1960\u2019ta T\u00fcrk anaokullar\u0131, ilk ve ortaokullar\u0131 da Bulgar okullar\u0131yla birle\u015ftirildi. Bulgarlarca \u201cT\u00fcrk \u00c7ingenesi\u201d denilen, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Romanlar\u0131n da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e e\u011fitim yapan ilkokullar\u0131 kapat\u0131ld\u0131.
\n8. Yukar\u0131da adlar\u0131 s\u0131ralanan \u00f6\u011fretmen okul ve enstit\u00fcleri, Sofya Y\u00fcksek Tiyatro Sanat\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcnde yeni a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f iki y\u0131ll\u0131k T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u0131n\u0131flar kapat\u0131ld\u0131.
\n9. Varna \u00d6\u011fretmen Uzmanla\u015fma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcnde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e B\u00f6l\u00fcm kapat\u0131ld\u0131, Eski Za\u011fra \u00d6\u011fretmen Uzmanla\u015fma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcndeki \u201cT\u00fcrk Okullar\u0131\u201d B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bir s\u00fcre daha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc ve sonra Bulgar Dili B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle birle\u015ftirildi.
\n10. 1959\u2019da T\u00fcrk okuma evleri (k\u0131raathaneleri) k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleriyle birlikte Bulgar okuma evleri ve k\u00fct\u00fcphaneleriyle birle\u015ftirildi. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden T\u00fcrklerin \u00f6teki k\u00fclt\u00fcr ocaklar\u0131 da s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.
\n11. \u0130l merkezlerinde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e m\u00fcfetti\u015flerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na son verildi, bundan birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra da Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk\u00e7e m\u00fcfetti\u015fi Bakanl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 E\u011fitim Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcne atand\u0131.
\n12. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ders kitaplar\u0131 ve sanat eserlerinin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131na son verildi. \u00d6nceleri yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f veya ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerden getirilmi\u015f T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kitaplar k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerden, kitap\u00e7\u0131 ma\u011fazalar\u0131ndan ve baz\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n evlerinden topland\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu yak\u0131ld\u0131.
\nOkullar\u0131n birle\u015ftirilmesi, beraberinde ciddi problemler de getirdi. Bulgar anne ve babalar, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla bir s\u0131rada, bir s\u0131n\u0131fta, bir okulda okumalar\u0131n\u0131 sert bir tepkiyle kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131lar. \u201cT\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmenler \u00e7ocuklar\u0131m\u0131za ders okutmamal\u0131\u201d, dediler ve buna izin verilmemesini istediler.
\nBirle\u015ftirilmi\u015f okullarda her ders Bulgarca okutuluyordu ve T\u00fcrklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011frenciler Bulgarcay\u0131, t\u00fcrl\u00fc derslerle ilgili Bulgarca terminolojiyi iyi bilmedi\u011finden ilk y\u0131llarda ba\u015far\u0131 g\u00f6steremediler. Sadece Bulgarcay\u0131 iyi bilmediklerinden de\u011fil, yeni ortam, yeni e\u011fitim ko\u015fullar\u0131 T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131nda ciddi psikolojik rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa sebep oldu, bir\u00e7oklar\u0131 bir \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131fa ge\u00e7emedi. \u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim mezunlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 azal\u0131nca liselerde de T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011frencilerin say\u0131s\u0131 azald\u0131. Bulgar \u00f6\u011frenci bulunmayan, sadece T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n okudu\u011fu okullarda da bir hayli zorluklar ya\u015fand\u0131. Baz\u0131 okullara T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin yerine Bulgar \u00f6\u011fretmenler getirildi. Yeni atanm\u0131\u015f Bulgar \u00f6\u011fretmenler, yabanc\u0131 dil (veya ikinci bir dil) \u00f6\u011fretimi y\u00f6ntemlerini uygulam\u0131yorlard\u0131, T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131nda uzun y\u0131llar ders okutmu\u015f deneyimli Bulgar meslekta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n tavsiyelerini de dikkate alm\u0131yorlard\u0131. T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmenler ve \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6\u011fretmenleri her vesileyle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseniyor, horlan\u0131yor, i\u015fsiz b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yordu. Resm\u00ee kaynaklara g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen reformlar sebebiyle k\u0131sa zamanda 1300 T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011fretmen okul d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 2755 din g\u00f6revlisi de i\u015finden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r .
\nT\u00fcrk ilk\u00f6\u011fretim okullar\u0131 Bulgar okullar\u0131yla birle\u015ftirildikten sonra haftada 4 saat T\u00fcrk\u00e7e okutulan derslere karma ailelerin (anne-babalardan birisi T\u00fcrk birisi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman\/Pomak\/) \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 okul m\u00fcd\u00fcrlerince \u00f6teki \u00f6\u011frencilerin g\u00f6zleri \u00f6n\u00fcnde s\u0131n\u0131ftan (dersten) \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131yor ve bunlar\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ders g\u00f6rmeleri yasaklan\u0131yordu. Anne-babalar da \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 da bu ac\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fi \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Karma ailelerden olmayan T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n anne-babalar\u0131n\u0131 ise okul m\u00fcd\u00fcrleri ve ba\u015fka g\u00f6revliler zorlayarak \u201c\u00c7ocu\u011fumun T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ders g\u00f6rmesini istemiyorum\u201d i\u00e7erikli dilek\u00e7eler imzalatt\u0131lar, T\u00fcrk \u00f6\u011frencilerde de zorunlu ders olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk\u00e7e derslerine ilgi azalmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7medi T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na da T\u00fcrk\u00e7e dersler okul haftal\u0131k ders program\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 . Sadece K\u0131rcaali b\u00f6lgesinde g\u00f6stermelik i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 okulda program d\u0131\u015f\u0131 haftada d\u00f6rt saat okutuluyordu, bundan da vazge\u00e7ildi ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e derslerine Bulgaristan \u00e7ap\u0131nda son verilmi\u015f oldu\uf066. B\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131, ana dilinden cahil, T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr geleneklerinden de yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.
\nT\u00fcrk okullar\u0131n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e derslere son verilmesiyle T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6\u011fretmenlerine de ihtiya\u00e7 kalmad\u0131. Sofya \u00dcniversitesi ve Bak\u00fc \u00dcniversiteleri mezunlar\u0131ndan da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu bran\u015flar\u0131nda ve mesleklerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mutlulu\u011funa kavu\u015famad\u0131. \u00d6\u011fretmenlik yapmak i\u00e7in e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f T\u00fcrk ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n tar\u0131mda, in\u015faat i\u015flerinde, yol ve baraj yap\u0131m\u0131nda, fabrikada, maden ocaklar\u0131nda birer i\u015f\u00e7i olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Bulgar totaliter rejim y\u00f6neticilerine zevk veriyordu.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/p>\n