{"id":14090,"date":"2015-03-08T22:58:26","date_gmt":"2015-03-08T20:58:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/?p=14090"},"modified":"2015-03-08T22:58:26","modified_gmt":"2015-03-08T20:58:26","slug":"kaya-gazinin-uluslararasi-enerji-politikalarina-etkileri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/kaya-gazinin-uluslararasi-enerji-politikalarina-etkileri\/","title":{"rendered":"KAYA GAZININ ULUSLARARASI ENERJ\u0130 POL\u0130T\u0130KALARINA ETK\u0130LER\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Konvansiyonel olmayan gaz\u00a0konusu, son y\u0131llarda uluslararas\u0131 enerji\u00a0piyasalar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli konulardan birisi haline gelmi\u015ftir. Konvansiyonel olmayan gaz \u00fcretimi ile ilgili s\u00fcre\u00e7 2000\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00a0yataklar\u0131ndaki metan \u00fcretimi ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fmeyi kaya gaz\u0131\u00a0\u00fcretimi takip etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Konvansiyonel olmayan gaz\u00a0basit\u00e7e ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fi \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan ve do\u011frudan kaynaktaki kayalardan \u00fcretilen gaz olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ticari olarak \u00fcretimleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr konvansiyonel olmayan gaz\u00a0t\u00fcr\u00fc bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar; ge\u00e7irgen olmayan gaz, k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00a0yata\u011f\u0131 metan\u0131 ve kaya gaz\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Konvansiyonel olmayan gaz\u00a0t\u00fcrleri aras\u0131nda en h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fme kaya gaz\u0131\u00a0\u00fcretiminde ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kaya gaz\u0131\u00a0yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde kayalar aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve yer alt\u0131ndaki geni\u015f alanlara yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halde bulunmaktad\u0131r. 2000\u2019li y\u0131llardan \u00f6nce kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik olarak ticari \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki \u00fcretimi yayg\u0131n de\u011fildi. Bu alanda geli\u015ftirilen yatay sondaj\u00a0ve hidrolik \u00e7atlatma\u00a0teknolojileri kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimini ekonomik olarak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Do\u011fal gaz alan\u0131nda, kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n devreye girmesiyle k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte do\u011fal gaz \u00fcretiminde art\u0131\u015f meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n devreye girmesinden \u00f6nce ortalama 60-80 y\u0131l aras\u0131nda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen do\u011fal gaz rezervlerinin kullan\u0131m s\u00fcresinin kaya gaz\u0131yla birlikte 160-200 y\u0131l aral\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00fckselece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu geli\u015fmeyle birlikte t\u0131pk\u0131 1960-1970 d\u00f6neminde k\u00fcresel olarak petrol bollu\u011funun ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki d\u00f6nemde de bir do\u011fal gaz bollu\u011funun ya\u015fanmas\u0131 olas\u0131d\u0131r<\/p>\n<p>Kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretiminin artmas\u0131 ABD\u2019de do\u011fal gaz fiyatlar\u0131nda %86 oran\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fanmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Ancak kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimi ve fiyat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f e\u011filimleri di\u011fer kaya gaz\u0131 rezervlerine sahip olan \u00fclkelerde ABD\u2019deki gibi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015ftir. \u00c7in\u2019in sahip oldu\u011fu kaya gaz\u0131 potansiyeli ABD\u2019ye e\u015fit veya biraz \u00fczerinde kabul edilmektedir. Ancak y\u00fcksek \u00fcretim maliyetleri nedeniyle \u00c7in\u2019de beklenen geli\u015fim olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Polonya\u2019da kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretim maliyetleri ABD\u2019dekinin 3 kat\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca Polonya\u2019da da kayda de\u011fer bir geli\u015fme olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u0130ngiltere\u2019de, kaya gaz\u0131 sondaj\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda meydana gelen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli depremler, kaya gaz\u0131 teknolojinin geli\u015fimini engellemi\u015ftir. Fransa\u2019da da kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimine izin verilmemektedir.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-2659215136\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>D\u00fcnya\u2019da Kuzey Amerika\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok b\u00f6lgede kaya gaz\u0131 rezervleri bulunmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ya\u015fanan kaya gaz\u0131 devriminin merkezi ABD\u2019dir. Kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretiminde ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok say\u0131da sondaj kuyusu a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.\u00a02010 y\u0131l\u0131 sonu itibariyle, d\u00fcnyada kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimi amac\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131lan toplam 15.467 kuyunun sadece on binde be\u015fi Kuzey Amerika d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r<\/p>\n<p>2012 itibariyle \u00c7in\u2019de kaya gaz\u0131 i\u00e7in sadece 60 sondaj kuyusu, Avrupa\u2019da \u00f6nemli kaya gaz\u0131 rezervlerine sahip oldu\u011fu iddia edilen Polonya\u2019da ise sadece 34 adet kaya gaz\u0131 sondaj kuyusu bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu oranlar kaya gaz\u0131 teknolojisinde ve \u00fcretiminde ABD\u2019nin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>ABD\u2019deki kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimi \u00f6ncesinde, ABD ve Avrupa\u2019daki do\u011fal gaz fiyatlar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k ayn\u0131 seviyedeydi. ABD\u2019de kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla AB\u2019deki do\u011fal gaz fiyatlar\u0131 ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6re yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 kat y\u00fcksek kalm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Japonya\u2019daki do\u011fal gaz fiyatlar\u0131 da ABD\u2019deki fiyatlardan 8 kat daha y\u00fcksek durumdad\u0131r. Bu durum AB\u2019nin rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en \u00f6nemli engellerden bir tanesidir. \u00d6zellikle Petro-kimya, demir-\u00e7elik, \u00e7imento, al\u00fcminyum \u00fcreticilerinin Avrupa\u2019daki tesisleri kapatarak ABD\u2019ye y\u00f6nelme ihtimali olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksektir. Bu sekt\u00f6rler Avrupa\u2019da yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 milyonluk istihdam sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Bu sekt\u00f6rlerin \u00fcretim tesislerini ABD\u2019ye kayd\u0131rmas\u0131 halinde Avrupa\u2019daki i\u015fsizlik oranlar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli oranda art\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimi ABD\u2019de do\u011falgaz fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 2008\u2019den bu yana neredeyse yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. ABD\u2019de 2010-2011 y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren ba\u015flayarak kaya gaz\u0131 ve petrol \u00fcretiminde h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda sadece 9 milyar m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0olan ve toplam \u00fcretimin %1,6\u2019na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimi, 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplam \u00fcretimin %34\u2019\u00fcne y\u00fckselerek 230 milyar m<sup>3<\/sup>\u2019e ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu rakamlar, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli enerji ithalat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olan ABD\u2019nin, \u201ckendi kendine yetebilen\u201d bir \u00fclke olma yolunda ilerledi\u011finin \u00f6nemli g\u00f6stergelerinden birisidir. ABD kendi do\u011fal gaz ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131k\u00e7a, Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya olan enerji ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azalacakt\u0131r. ABD\u2019nin do\u011fal gaz alan\u0131nda Ortado\u011fu b\u00f6lgesine olan enerji ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f, Ortado\u011fu\u2019da d\u0131\u015f politika ve askeri alanda yeni opsiyonlar\u0131 da beraberinde getirebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu d\u00f6nemde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerji fiyatlar\u0131 ABD vatanda\u015flar\u0131 ve sanayisi i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r hale gelmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck enerji fiyatlar\u0131 t\u00fcketicilerin y\u00fcksek sigorta primi y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc az da olsa dengelemelerine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. ABD Enerji Bilgi \u0130daresi\u2019nin verilerine g\u00f6re, hane halk\u0131 gelirlerinden enerji faturalar\u0131na harcanan miktar\u0131n oran\u0131, 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda %2,7\u2019ye, yani son 10 y\u0131l\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyesine gerilemi\u015ftir. Bu sebeple ABD ucuz kaya gaz\u0131 ile elde etmi\u015f oldu\u011fu ucuz enerji opsiyonunu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in \u00fclkesindeki kaya gaz\u0131 rezervlerini \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na satmak yerine i\u00e7in \u00fclke i\u00e7inde enerji \u00fcretiminde ve sanayide kullanmay\u0131 tercih edebilir.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-1559471899\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-10-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>Kaya gaz\u0131 alan\u0131ndaki bir ba\u015fka senaryoda ABD&#8217;nin LNG olarak kaya gaz\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na ba\u015flamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu senaryonun 2016-2018 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi halinde do\u011fal gaz fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fi, bunun Rus ekonomisi i\u00e7in felaket anlam\u0131na gelece\u011fi ifade edilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>2012 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle petrol\/gaz sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Rusya toplam ihracat\u0131ndaki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 % 70 ve toplam GSY\u0130H\u2019daki pay\u0131 da %20 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu durumuyla Rusya ekonomik istikrar i\u00e7in enerji ihracat\u0131na a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ba\u011fl\u0131 bir tablo \u00e7izmektedir. Rusya enerji ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131\u00a0bir\u00a0\u00fclke olarak 2000-2008 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00fcy\u00fcme sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemde \u00c7in\u2019in y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama %10 b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ile birlikte Venez\u00fcella\u2019daki siyasi istikrars\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n, Katrina kas\u0131rgas\u0131n\u0131n ve Irak\u2019a 2. K\u00f6rfez Operasyonu\u2019nun k\u00fcresel petrol\/do\u011fal gaz arz\u0131nda ya\u015fatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesintiler sonucu, bu d\u00f6nemde Rusya k\u00fcresel piyasalara alternatif bir enerji arz\u0131 sunarak enerji ihracat rakamlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>Ancak 2000-2008 d\u00f6neminde Kuzey Amerika\u2019daki kaya gaz\u0131 devrimi hen\u00fcz ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kaya gaz\u0131 teknolojisiyle birlikte ABD\u2019nin enerji \u00fcretimi anlam\u0131nda s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak tekrar tarih sahnesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yapmas\u0131, do\u011fal gaz zengini olan Rusya i\u00e7in i\u015fleri yak\u0131n gelecekte zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Di\u011fer taraftan k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte i\u015flek ve boru hatt\u0131na gerek duymayan LNG piyasas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseliyor olmas\u0131 da, bir devlet \u015firketi olan Gazprom\u2019un ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019daki \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ciddi bir tehdit olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>LNG fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n gelecekte d\u00fc\u015fmesindeki \u00f6nemli etkenlerden bir tanesi ABD\u2019nin kendi do\u011fal gaz ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 ulusal kaynaklar\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lamaya ba\u015flamas\u0131yla Ortado\u011fu merkezli LNG arz\u0131n\u0131n kendisine yeni pazarlar aramas\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ABD \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131 LNG\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrecek teknolojiyi de ticari hale getirmi\u015f durumda olmas\u0131, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu do\u011fal gaz fiyat teklifleri \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 fakt\u00f6r\u00fc yaratacakt\u0131r.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-1785208999\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-15-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>Di\u011fer taraftan ABD\u2019de, enerji \u00fcretiminde kaya gaz\u0131 ile birlikte do\u011fal gaz\u0131n daha yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, ABD k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019ya daha ucuz fiyata ihrac\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durumun devam etmesi halinde ABD \u00e7ok yak\u0131n zamanda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 3. b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6m\u00fcr ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.\u00a0\u00a0ABD\u2019nin k\u00f6m\u00fcr ihracat\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir oyuncu olarak pazara giri\u015f yapmas\u0131, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n k\u00f6m\u00fcr ihracat\u0131n\u0131n olumsuz olarak etkilenmesine neden olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Avrupa\u2019da kaya gaz\u0131\u00a0i\u00e7in\u00a0ilk ke\u015fif kuyular\u0131 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde veri toplamaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar Avusturya, Almanya, Macaristan, Polonya, \u0130sve\u00e7 ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019de devam etmektedir. Avrupa\u2019da hen\u00fcz b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bir \u00fcretim olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, kesin verilere ula\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sebeple Avrupa\u2019daki kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretim maliyetleri konusunda kesin bir yarg\u0131ya varmak ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcde bulunmak olduk\u00e7a zordur. Enerji alan\u0131nda d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olan AB a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli enerji kaynaklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kabul edilen kaya gaz\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir se\u00e7enek olu\u015fturmakla birlikte, kurtar\u0131c\u0131 kimli\u011fine sahip de\u011fildir. Bunun temel sebebi, Avrupa\u2019daki kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretim maliyetlerinin Kuzey Amerika\u2019ya g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte mevcut bilgiler de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, Avrupa\u2019daki ortalama kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretim maliyetlerinin ABD\u2019deki maliyetlerin \u00fczerinde olaca\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. Ancak Avrupa\u2019daki konvansiyonel do\u011fal gaz\u00a0maliyeti de ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6re y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in 1.000 m<sup>3<\/sup>\u2019l\u00fck \u00fcretimi 250$ dolaylar\u0131nda olu\u015fan kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretim maliyeti Avrupa i\u00e7in kabul edilebilir d\u00fczey olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilmektedir. Ancak AB\u2019nin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu bor\u00e7 krizi de dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kaya gaz\u0131na dayal\u0131 enerji \u00fcretimi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde, nihai t\u00fcketicinin enerji maliyetlerinin artacak olmas\u0131, Avrupa\u2019daki kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretiminin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en \u00f6nemli engellerden bir tanesidir. Ancak AB \u00fclkelerinin maliyet temelli engellere ra\u011fmen enerjide d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 azaltabilmek i\u00e7in kaya gaz\u0131 se\u00e7ene\u011fini g\u00fcndemlerinin \u00fcst s\u0131ralar\u0131nda tutmaya devam etmeleri beklenmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>2012\u2019de d\u00fcnyada k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcketimini en fazla art\u0131ran \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda ilk s\u0131rada \u00c7in ve ikinci s\u0131rada Avrupa \u00fclkeleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. ABD\u2019de kaya gaz\u0131 \u00fcretimi yayg\u0131nla\u015fmadan \u00f6nce, k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn ABD\u2019nin enerji \u00fcretimindeki pay\u0131 %50 civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Kaya gaz\u0131 sonras\u0131nda ABD\u2019de k\u00f6m\u00fcr fiyatlar\u0131 do\u011fal gaz fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde kalmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve do\u011fal gaz\u0131n ABD enerji kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki oran\u0131 artmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece ABD enerji kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7inde %50 olan k\u00f6m\u00fcr pay\u0131 %35\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu de\u011fi\u015fim sonucunda ABD kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc Avrupa\u2019ya ihra\u00e7 etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD kaynakl\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcr ihracat\u0131 sonucu olu\u015fan k\u00f6m\u00fcr bollu\u011fuyla Avrupa\u2019daki k\u00f6m\u00fcr fiyatlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ekonomik krizin etkilerinin devam etmekte oldu\u011fu Avrupa, pahal\u0131 Rus do\u011fal gaz\u0131 ve g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015fen n\u00fckleer enerji alternatifi yerine ucuz ABD k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcne y\u00f6nelmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Ancak bu strateji de\u011fi\u015fimi Avrupa\u2019da karbon emisyonunun artmas\u0131na sebebiyet vermi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer taraftan ABD\u2019nin k\u00f6m\u00fcrden do\u011fal gaza d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc de ABD\u2019nin karbon emisyon d\u00fczeyini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke kendi konvansiyonel olmayan gaz rezervlerini ve bu kaynaklarla yap\u0131labilecek olas\u0131 gaz \u00fcretiminin, uluslararas\u0131 do\u011fal gaz piyasalar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki olas\u0131 etkisini de\u011ferlendirmektedir. Uluslararas\u0131 enerji\u00a0piyasalar\u0131nda kaya gaz\u0131yla ilgili iki farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f h\u00e2kimdir.<\/p>\n<p>Bunlardan ilki kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n enerji piyasalar\u0131nda ve enerji jeopoliti\u011finde \u00f6nemli etkiler yaratabilece\u011fini savunurken di\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n enerji jeopoliti\u011fi \u00fczerinde kayda de\u011fer hi\u00e7bir etki yaratmayacak olan bir fakt\u00f6r oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemektedir.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-1984520032\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine-20-paragraf bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p>Bu noktada uluslararas\u0131 enerji politikalar\u0131nda kaya gaz\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak bir paradigma de\u011fi\u015fiminin olup olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek i\u00e7in biraz erkendir. Kaya gaz\u0131\u00a0ile ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin ve kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n enerji jeopoliti\u011fine etkilerinin 2020 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar netle\u015fmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n<div id=\"bghab-3164996751\" class=\"bghab-yazi-altinda bghab-entity-placement\"><div class=\"bghab-adlabel\">Reklamlar<\/div><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- bghaber-yaz\u0131-sonu -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"4222328180\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div><br style=\"clear: both; display: block; float: none;\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Konvansiyonel olmayan gaz\u00a0konusu, son y\u0131llarda uluslararas\u0131 enerji\u00a0piyasalar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli konulardan birisi haline gelmi\u015ftir. Konvansiyonel olmayan gaz \u00fcretimi ile ilgili s\u00fcre\u00e7 2000\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00a0yataklar\u0131ndaki<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":13289,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14090","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekonomi"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/kayagaz%C4%B1.jpg?fit=595%2C407&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc2PfJ-3Fg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14090","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14090"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14090\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13289"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14090"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14090"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14090"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}