Haim Menahem Behar, Do\u011fum: 1919-\u00d6l\u00fcm: 2011; Lili Haim \u0130lel, 1920-2011; \u0130zrael \u0130zak Mezan, 1920-2012, Ra\u015fel Persiyado Ruben, 1921-2012; Baruh David Zalman, 1925-2013, Mordechai Solomon Natan, 1918-2013; Emil Levi, 1914-1999; Rafael Solomon Kalev, 1922-1997; Leon Bahor Anavi, 1911-1978, Gabriel Nisim Behar, 1882-1965…<\/p>\n
Bu isim ve tarihler, daha nicesiyle birlikte Bulgaristan\u2019\u0131n ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck kenti Plovdiv\u2019de \u015fehir mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Yahudi b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcndeki mezar ta\u015flar\u0131na kaz\u0131l\u0131 duruyor. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Orta ve Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da do\u011fan Yahudilerin alt\u0131 milyonu en fazla 1945\u2019e kadar ya\u015fayabilmi\u015fken, Bulgar Yahudilerinin neredeyse tamam\u0131 torunlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6recek kadar ya\u015fay\u0131p yata\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f… Bu ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n belki de en g\u00fczel tarihsel kay\u0131tlar\u0131ndan biri, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7ar III. Boris\u2019in ikbalini 1941\u2019de Hitler\u2019le anla\u015fmakta g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin Yahudiler\u2019in memur ve asker olmas\u0131n\u0131 ya da Yahudi olmayanlarla evlenmesini yasaklayan \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 kanunlar \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve nihayet 50 bin kadar Yahudi\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm kamplar\u0131na g\u00f6nderilmesi emrinin verildi\u011fi Bulgaristan\u2019da halk (Bulgar Ortodoks Kilisesi, sanat\u00e7\u0131lar, ayd\u0131nlar, s\u0131radan insanlar) iktidara tepkisini o kadar sert bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6sterdi ki, o 50 bin insan\u0131n hayat\u0131 kurtuldu. Bulgar halk\u0131 kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131n katledilmesine izin vermedi -korkunun da\u011flar ta\u015flar kadar somutla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde Bulgar Yahudilerinin nas\u0131l olup da fa\u015fistlere teslim edilmedi\u011fiyle ilgili muhte\u015fem bir kaynak var; Tzvetan Todorov\u2019un kitab\u0131 The Fragility of Goodness: Why Bulgaria\u2019s Jews Survived the Holocaust (\u0130yili\u011fin K\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131\u011f\u0131: Bulgaristan Yahudileri Soyk\u0131r\u0131mdan Ni\u00e7in Kurtuldu).<\/p>\n
Bu hafta Bulgaristan\u2019da dikkatimi \u00e7eken \u015feylerden biri Plovdiv\u2019deki bu m\u00fcthi\u015f mezar ta\u015flar\u0131yd\u0131, di\u011feriyse \u2018fa\u015fizan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel obje t\u00fcketimi\u2019ndeki arz oran\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi… Balkanlar\u2019\u0131n kayak ba\u015fkenti olarak bilinen Bansko\u2019nun en i\u015flek caddesindeki \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 antikac\u0131da Nazi e\u015fyalar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131m: \u00dczerinde gamal\u0131 ha\u00e7 ve SS simgesi bulunan y\u00fcz\u00fckler, \u00e7akmaklar, mataralar, askeri madalyalar, Hitler b\u00fcstleri… D\u00fckkanlar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnde de kolayca g\u00f6r\u00fclecek ve hemen ilgi \u00e7ekecek yerlere konan s\u00f6z konusu e\u015fyalar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n antika de\u011fil yeni \u00fcr\u00fcn oldu\u011fu belliydi. Ama bu i\u015fi daha da katlan\u0131lmaz k\u0131l\u0131yor; kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131 fa\u015fizme kurban etmemi\u015f insanlar\u0131n \u00fclkesinde sava\u015f zaman\u0131ndan kalma eski e\u015fyalar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 en az\u0131ndan 1941-45 aras\u0131 Bulgaristan tarihinin bir kesiti olarak belli bir noktaya kadar kabul edilebilir belki, ama en baya\u011f\u0131 fa\u015fist e\u011filimleri paraya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in \u00fcretilmi\u015f Nazi i\u015faretleriyle dolu e\u015fyalar\u0131 \u00f6zenli tezg\u00e2h uygulamalar\u0131yla sat\u0131\u015fa sunmak… Sadece bu da de\u011fil; Yahudi cemaatinin Bulgar halk\u0131na minnetini dile getirmek amac\u0131yla Plovdiv\u2019e dikilen an\u0131ta gamal\u0131 ha\u00e7 \u00e7izmek, baz\u0131 mezar ta\u015flar\u0131na zarar vermek* gibi son 7-8 y\u0131la yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olaylar da var.<\/p>\n
Kapitalist d\u00fcnyayla tan\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 neo-liberalizmin zirve g\u00fcnlerine denk d\u00fc\u015fen Do\u011fu Avrupa ve Balkan \u00fclkeleri bug\u00fcn kapkara bir de\u011ferler karma\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131nda ayakta durmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor -ge\u00e7en y\u0131l, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda 1. Sava\u015f trajedisinin y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcyle ilgili anma etkinlikleri yap\u0131l\u0131rken Belgrad\u2019\u0131n en prestijli kitabevinin vitrininde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm devasa Gavrilo Princip (Ar\u015fid\u00fck Ferdinand\u2019\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrerek sava\u015fa g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr neden sa\u011flayan suikast\u00e7\u0131) foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 S\u0131rp milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin basit bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcm. Bir hafta sonra ayn\u0131 foto\u011fraf\u0131 Bosna Hersek\u2019te g\u00f6rd\u00fcm; 1993\u2019te S\u0131rplar taraf\u0131ndan bombalanan Mostar K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn 50 metre ilerisindeki \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131da sat\u0131lan bir fincan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde…<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcn Bulgarlar ne kom\u00fcnist ne kapitalist, ne muhafazak\u00e2r ne devlet\u00e7i ne de liberal… Ne oldu\u011funu kendilerinin de bilmedi\u011fi tuhaf ve \u00e7irkin bir g\u00fcndelik hayat prati\u011fiyle, genellikle y\u00fczleri g\u00fclmeden ya\u015fay\u0131p gidiyorlar. Ama enseyi karartmamak i\u00e7in yeterince gerek\u00e7emiz var; en karanl\u0131k g\u00fcnlerde kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131 kurtaranlar, Plovdiv\u2019deki mezar ta\u015flar\u0131na o tarihlerin kaz\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeniden kazanman\u0131n bir yolunu bulacakt\u0131r elbet. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, bilirsiniz ne derler: Sizin ge\u00e7mi\u015fle i\u015finiz bitmi\u015f olabilir, ama ge\u00e7mi\u015fin sizinle i\u015fi asla bitmez…<\/p>