{"id":13291,"date":"2015-01-21T22:54:29","date_gmt":"2015-01-21T20:54:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/?p=13291"},"modified":"2015-01-21T22:54:29","modified_gmt":"2015-01-21T20:54:29","slug":"kaya-gazi-nedir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/kaya-gazi-nedir\/","title":{"rendered":"Kaya Gaz\u0131 Nedir?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Son y\u0131llarda petrol ve do\u011falgaz\u0131n alternatifi olarak ad\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilen kaya gaz\u0131, kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n g\u00f6zeneklerinde yer alan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck miktardaki do\u011fal gazlard\u0131r.<br \/>\nPetrol ve do\u011falgaz\u0131n alternatifi olarak g\u00fcndeme gelen kaya gaz\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck taneli tortul kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n (\u015feyl) g\u00f6zeneklerinde yer alan petrol veya do\u011falgazd\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><b>Kaya gaz\u0131 neden \u00f6nemli? <\/b><\/span><br \/>\nPetrol ve do\u011falgaz \u00fcretiminin yetersizli\u011finden dolay\u0131 neredeyse %92 oran\u0131nda d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olan T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin acilen yeni enerji kaynaklar\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, petrol ve do\u011falgaz senelerdir T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin can\u0131n\u0131 ac\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Enflasyonun, i\u015fsizli\u011fin, cari a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedeni hep enerji harcamalar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Vergilerin \u00e7o\u011fu, ihracat\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131 enerjiye gitmi\u015ftir. Ama yine de T\u00fcrkiye, bug\u00fcn bile &#8220;cari a\u00e7\u0131k&#8221; belas\u0131ndan kurtulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><b>D\u00fcnyada ve ABD&#8217;de kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve teknolojisi: <\/b><\/span><br \/>\nD\u00fcnyada 2010 sonuna kadar kaya gaz\u0131 bulmak i\u00e7in 15 500 kuyu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. A\u00e7\u0131lan kuyular\u0131n sadece onbinde be\u015fi kadar\u0131 ABD d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fclkelerde. ABD&#8217;nin ise son on y\u0131lda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucunda, Texas&#8217;ta 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda 51 milyar metrek\u00fcp do\u011falgaz \u00fcretti\u011fi biliniyor. Bu rakam T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin bir y\u0131l\u0131k do\u011falgaz t\u00fcketiminden (43 milyar metrek\u00fcp) fazlad\u0131r. Teksas&#8217;ta kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karma ve i\u015fletmesinde istihdam edilen personel say\u0131s\u0131 ise 12 bin ki\u015fidir. Petrol ve do\u011falgazdan nasibini alamam\u0131\u015f olan T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin her hangi bir yerinde \u00fcretilecek kaya gaz\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin b\u00fct\u00fcn ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilir, ilave istihdam imkan\u0131 yaratabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Kaya gaz\u0131 kuyusu a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in uzay teknolojisine ya da atomu par\u00e7alamaya gerek yok. Mevcut teknoloji ile dikine veya yatay olarak a\u00e7\u0131lacak olan kuyularla, kayalar aras\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan gaz\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7 kullanarak yer y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmektedir. Kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karman\u0131n maliyetinin normal petrol ve do\u011falgaza g\u00f6re %50 daha fazla oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><b>Kaya gaz\u0131 do\u011falgaz fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrecek mi? <\/b><\/span><br \/>\n2000&#8217;lerde ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla bug\u00fcn kaya gaz\u0131 ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 durumuna gelmi\u015f olan ABD&#8217;de, bin metrek\u00fcpl\u00fck gaz\u0131n fiyat\u0131 90 dolara kadar inmi\u015ftir. ABD&#8217;nin \u00fcretip, d\u00fcnyaya pazarlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaya gaz\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck gaz ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 Rusya&#8217;y\u0131, ve do\u011falgaz\u0131 adeta bir silah olarak kullanmakta olan Rusya devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Putin&#8217;i tehdit etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Baz\u0131 Rus uzmanlar, ABD&#8217;nin kaya gaz\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na ba\u015flamas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki d\u00f6rt y\u0131l i\u00e7inde, 2016&#8217;dan sonra do\u011falgaz fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fini, bunun Rus ekonomisi i\u00e7in felaket anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini iddia etmektedir.<\/p><div id=\"bghab-1064456971\" class=\"bghab-icerik-icine bghab-entity-placement\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-6203283170189293\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7303146466\" \ndata-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><b>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de kaya gaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve SHELL fakt\u00f6r\u00fc:<\/b><\/span><br \/>\nTPAO&#8217;nun kaya gaz\u0131 ile ilgili somut bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye, Alp Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu uzan\u0131m\u0131nda yer alan, Alp da\u011flar\u0131 ile Himalaya Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftiren co\u011frafi yap\u0131 \u00fczerindedir. T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin G\u00fcneydo\u011fu b\u00f6lgesinde petrol, Trakya arazisinde ise do\u011falgaz \u00fcretilmektedir. Kaya gaz\u0131n\u0131n da petrol ve do\u011falgaz \u00fcretimi yap\u0131lan da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerde, da\u011flar\u0131 olu\u015fturan kayalar\u0131n g\u00f6zeneklerinde oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. G\u00fcneydo\u011fu ve Trakya&#8217;n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc alan\u0131nda ve denizlerimizde de kaya gaz\u0131 yataklar\u0131 olabilece\u011fi de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Konuyla ilgili uzmanlar\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalara g\u00f6re, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u0131ll\u0131k do\u011falgaz t\u00fcketimi miktar\u0131 (43 milyar metrek\u00fcp) t\u00fcketimi baz al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 35-40 y\u0131ll\u0131k do\u011falgaz ihtiyac\u0131 kaya gaz\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla sa\u011flanabilecektir. TPOA, Haziran 2012&#8217;den itibaren SHELL firmas\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. SHELL firmas\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 antla\u015fman\u0131n s\u00fcresi 5 y\u0131ld\u0131r. SHELL&#8217;in G\u00fcney K\u0131br\u0131s Rum kesiminin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011falgaz ihalelerine kat\u0131lmak yerine, T\u00fcrkiye ile uzun s\u00fcreli bir anla\u015fma yap\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 manidard\u0131r. Tamamen kendi b\u00fct\u00e7esini kullanarak do\u011falgaz, petrol ve muhtemelen kaya gaz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yapacak olan SHELL&#8217;den T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin beklentisi y\u00fcksektir. 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda sanayile\u015fmi\u015f ilk on \u00fclke i\u00e7ine girmek ve lider \u00fclke olmak isteyen T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;nin, bu hedefe ula\u015fmas\u0131nda kaya gaz\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayabilir.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><b>Kullan\u0131lan Materyal ve Y\u00f6ntemler<\/b><\/span> <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"topragizbiz.com\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.topragizbiz.com\/resim\/images\/kayagazii.jpg?w=640\" alt=\"topragizbiz.com\" align=\"right\" border=\"0\" \/><br \/>\n<b>1.<\/b> Teknik olarak hidrolik k\u0131r\u0131lma olarak bilinen \u201cFracking\u201d i\u015flemi gaz ta\u015f\u0131yan kaya katmanlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde k\u0131r\u0131lmalar \u00fcretip yer y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in su bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131yor.<br \/>\n<b>2.<\/b> Bu noktada su \u00f6ncelikle toprakla ve s\u00fcreci h\u0131zland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan katk\u0131 maddeleriyle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Bunlar, akiferle (yeralt\u0131 suyunu tutan ve ileten kaya\u00e7 ortam\u0131) temas etmemesi i\u00e7in bir yere betonla sabitlenmi\u015f \u00e7elik borular\u0131n i\u00e7inden kilometrelerce a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru gaz i\u00e7eren katman\u0131n i\u00e7ine enjekte ediliyor.<br \/>\n<b>3.<\/b> Amerika\u2019da tart\u0131\u015fmalar bu k\u0131r\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinde kullan\u0131lan katk\u0131 maddelerinin kaps\u0131yor. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Caudrilla isimli \u015firket herhangi bir sa\u011fl\u0131k problemine yol a\u00e7mayan katk\u0131 maddelerinin ne oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Weeton b\u00f6lgesinde su-kum kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 99,75\u2032i olduk\u00e7a seyreltilmi\u015f hidrolik asit, biyosid ve poliakrilamid (bir\u00e7ok kozmetikte kullan\u0131lan kimyasal) ile birlikte kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<br \/>\n<b>4.<\/b> Yakla\u015f\u0131k 90 g\u00fcn sonra, k\u0131r\u0131lma s\u00fcreci duruyor ve gaz k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck y\u00fczey toplay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u00fcnitelerinin i\u00e7ine akmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor. B\u00f6ylece bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 bu \u015fekilde onlarca y\u0131l devam ediyor.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><b>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de kaya gaz\u0131 arama kuyular\u0131 var m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/b> <\/span><br \/>\n1989&#8217;da Berlin Duvar\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ile birlikte Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi (SSCB) da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol firmalar\u0131, SSCB yerine kurulan Rusya Federasyonu&#8217;nun davetiyle ve sa\u011flanan yeni olanaklarla Rusya topraklar\u0131nda yar\u0131\u015f halinde sondaj \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol firmalar\u0131nca g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmi\u015ftir.<br \/>\n1934&#8217;den beri T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de a\u00e7\u0131lan \u00fcretim kuyusu toplam\u0131 4000 kadard\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden, mevcut T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, petrol ve do\u011falgaz ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yapacak yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lara \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck te\u015fvikler sunmaktad\u0131r. Te\u015fvik gere\u011fi, 100 varil petrol \u00fcreten bir firma, bunun 60 varilini kendisine mal edebilecektir.<br \/>\nT\u00fcrkiye&#8217;de 2000&#8217;e kadar her y\u0131l 5-10 arama kuyusu a\u00e7\u0131labildi. 2000&#8217;li y\u0131llarda arama kuyusu say\u0131s\u0131 neredeyse on kat artarak, y\u0131ll\u0131k arama kuyusu say\u0131s\u0131 100-200&#8217;lere ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu rakama iyimser g\u00f6zle bak\u0131lsa bile, sadece 2010&#8217;da d\u00fcnyada 15 500 arama kuyusu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da unutmamak gerekir.<\/p>\n<div id=\"bghab-4092981668\" class=\"bghab-yazi-altinda bghab-entity-placement\"><div class=\"bghab-adlabel\">Reklamlar<\/div><script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script>\r\n<!-- bghaber-yaz\u0131-sonu -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:block\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-6203283170189293\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"4222328180\"\r\n     data-ad-format=\"auto\"\r\n     data-full-width-responsive=\"true\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div><br style=\"clear: both; display: block; float: none;\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Son y\u0131llarda petrol ve do\u011falgaz\u0131n alternatifi olarak ad\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilen kaya gaz\u0131, kaya\u00e7lar\u0131n g\u00f6zeneklerinde yer alan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck miktardaki do\u011fal gazlard\u0131r. Petrol ve do\u011falgaz\u0131n alternatifi olarak<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":13289,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13291","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egitim"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/kayagaz%C4%B1.jpg?fit=595%2C407&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/pc2PfJ-3sn","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13291","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13291"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13291\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13289"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13291"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13291"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bghaber.org\/bghaber\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13291"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}